Sudden cardiac arrest during marathons among young, middle-aged, and senior runners.

Aim: There is limited evidence showing a relationship with age in the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest during exercise, which can be lethal at times.

Methods: To examine the incidence by age group in sudden cardiac arrest, we prospectively observed cases of sudden cardiac arrest in full marathons certified by the Japan Association of Athletics Federations held between April 2011 and March 2019. Sudden cardiac arrest was defined as collapse during or 1 h after the race requiring chest compressions or the use of an automatic electrical defibrillation.

Link Between Ferritin, Vitamin D, Performance, and Eating Attitudes in Female Athletes.

Iron and vitamin D deficiencies can affect athletes' health and performance. However, the epidemiology and associated risk factors remain unclear. Forty-three elite female athletics athletes (20.

Improvement of Jet Lag and Travel Fatigue Symptoms and Their Association with Prior International Travel Experience in Junior Athletes.

Jet lag and travel fatigue can occur after crossing multiple time zones in a short period of time, possibly affecting various aspects of an athlete's behavior. However, there are few studies regarding this issue, particularly considering junior athletes. This study aimed to investigate and quantify the symptoms of jet lag and travel fatigue and the factors impacting these conditions.

Muscle injuries in athletics during the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games: differences between heats and finals.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze muscle injuries and their related risk factors during the Athletics events of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games including the differences in muscle injury rates between heats and finals.

Methods: We included and analyzed in this study muscle injuries diagnosed by either magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, or physical examinations by at least two physicians, from Athletics athletes participating at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Data from electronic medical records, including sex, nationality, event, and the round (heat vs.

International study of physicians' opinion on physician-patient sex concordance when treating athletes.

Background: The effect of physician-patient sex concordance in medicine has been reported in many studies. Whether physicians believe that the sex concordance between physician and athlete influences treatment has not been investigated.

Objective: To determine whether physicians believe that the sex concordance between physician and athlete influences treatment.

Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency and its association with body mass index in elite Japanese high school long-distance runners.

Objectives: Anemia is a common condition in long-distance runners (LDRs). Recently, not only iron deficiency (ID) but also energy deficiency has been considered as a risk factor for anemia in athletes but no evidence has yet been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anemia and ID and the influence of body mass index (BMI) on anemia in high-school LDRs.

Awareness and Knowledge of Medical Issues Related to Female Athletes Among Track and Field Coaches.

Introduction: Little is known regarding medical knowledge pertaining to female athletes among track and field coaches and their interactions with female athletes regarding medical problems.

Methods: Participants were track and field coaches (369 males and 43 females) with Japan Sport Association certification and they completed an anonymous survey on their knowledge of medical problems pertinent to female athletes including whether the coaches knew about the female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sports; their feelings about female athletes' use of contraceptive pills; whether they speak about menses with the female athletes; and whether they have a gynecologist for consultation regarding their medical problems.

Results: Females coaches were significantly more likely to be aware of the triad (odds ratio (OR), 3.

Controlling Behavior, Sex Bias and Coaching Success in Japanese Track and Field.

Coaching athletes is a complex and lengthy process. Recently, attention has been given to coaches over-controlling behavior toward the athletes' personal lives and possible sex bias, but the impact of these behaviors on coaching success is unclear. An anonymous survey was answered by 412 track and field coaches (male: 369; female: 43), comprising questions regarding controlling behaviors, sex bias, and personal background.

An international study on attitudes and opinions regarding female sports medicine physicians during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Objectives: Supporting female sports medicine physicians to simultaneously be mothers and pursue professional careers is crucial to maintain gender diversity in sports medicine physicians. The purpose of this study is to understand the attitudes toward female sports medicine physicians during pregnancy and postpartum.

Methods: An anonymous online survey was distributed to sports medicine physicians practicing in 51 different countries.

Association between Self-reported Overtraining Syndrome and Symptoms in High School Track and Field Athletes.

Diagnosing overtraining syndrome is challenging and it is often correlated with other diseases, especially those related to low energy availability. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of overtraining syndrome-like symptoms and correlative factors in 389 female and 572 male national-level high school track and field athletes. They were asked to complete a survey regarding their history of overtraining syndrome-like symptoms, injuries, and diseases.

IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat.

This document presents the recommendations developed by the IOC Medical and Scientific Commission and several international federations (IF) on the protection of athletes competing in the heat. It is based on a working group, meetings, field experience and a Delphi process. The first section presents recommendations for event organisers to monitor environmental conditions before and during an event; to provide sufficient ice, shading and cooling; and to work with the IF to remove regulatory and logistical limitations.

Gender bias in sports medicine: an international assessment of sports medicine physicians' perceptions of their interactions with athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and other physicians.

Objectives: To evaluate the difference between female and male sports medicine physicians regarding disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment perceived from athletes, coaches, physicians, athletic trainers (ATs) and organisations/administrations.

Methods And Study Design: anonymous survey was distributed to sports medicine physicians practicing in 51 countries. χ analysis was used to detect differences between female and male sports medicine physicians and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent variables that affect disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment from sports participants.

Athlete Medical Services at the Marathon and Race Walking Events During Tokyo 2020 Olympics.

Epidemiological data from race walk and marathon events suggest that a high incidence rate of exertional heat illness is associated with high ambient temperature and relative humidity. The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo was no exception, which led the organizing committee to relocate the race walk and marathon competitions to Sapporo, which was predicted to experience much milder heat. Nonetheless, during the Games, Sapporo recorded the highest daytime ambient temperature in the past 97 years, with consecutive days over 30°C from July 22nd to August 7th, 2021.

A Guide for Businesses and Employers Responding to Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): 4th edition.

The Japanese Society of Travel and Health (JSTH) and the Japanese Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) have compiled "Novel Coronavirus Information" together as a joint document, which has been shared with the public on their respective websites since February 2020. In May 11, 2020, this document was to be published as "A Guide for Businesses and Employers Responding to Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)" (hereinafter referred to as "this Guide"). This Guide was prepared for persons in charge of COVID-19 control measures in their workplace.

Wearable and telemedicine innovations for Olympic events and elite sport.

Rapid advances in wearable technologies and real-time monitoring have resulted in major inroads in the world of recreational and elite sport. One such innovation is the application of real-time monitoring, which comprises a smartwatch application and ecosystem, designed to collect, process and transmit a wide range of physiological, biomechanical, bioenergetic and environmental data using cloud-based services. We plan to assess the impact of this wireless technology during Tokyo 2020, where this technology could help characterize the physiological and thermal strain experienced by an athlete, as well as determine future management of athletes during a medical emergency as a result of a more timely and accurate diagnosis.

Bone parameters of elite athletes with oligomenorrhea and prevalence seeking medical attention: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Since the definition of secondary amenorrhea is cessation of regular menses for more than 3 months, it is likely that athletes with irregular menstrual cycles, including oligomenorrhea, do not consider the condition as serious. However, the consequences of untreated oligomenorrhea have not been investigated in elite track and field athletes.

Materials And Methods: The cohort consisted of 91 elite-level track and field athletes.

Factors that affect menarche in Japanese national-level track-and-field athletes.

Objectives: The minimum body mass index (BMI) required to menarche and the relationship between the training onset age of sports and menarche is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to elucidate the minimum BMI required to attain menarche in female adolescent athletes competing at a national level, and to determine how the occurrence of menarche is associated with training onset age in track-and-field athletes.

Methods: Overall, 134 sprinters and 44 long-distance (LD) runners of ninth-grade females at a national level were enrolled and an anonymous questionnaire was administered.

Bone Metabolism, Bone Mineral Content, and Density in Elite Late Teen Female Sprinters.

With intensive training, bone injuries are a major concern for athletes. To assess bone condition, we often measure bone turnover markers, bone mineral content and density; however, in junior athletes, it is not easy to distinguish changes caused by bone injuries from those caused by growth, because the metabolism is increased in both cases. Moreover, although some studies have examined female endurance athletes, knowledge regarding changes in static and dynamic bone conditions in late teen athletes is limited.

Ethical dilemmas and validity issues related to the use of new cooling technologies and early recognition of exertional heat illness in sport.

The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games is expected to be among the hottest Games in modern history, increasing the chances for exertional heat stroke (EHS) incidence, especially in non-acclimatised athletes/workers/spectators. The urgent need to recognise EHS symptoms to protect all attendees' health has considerably accelerated research examining the most effective cooling strategies and the development of wearable cooling technology and real-time temperature monitoring. While these technological advances will aid the early identification of EHS cases, there are several potential ethical considerations for governing bodies and sports organisers.

Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions: International Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020.

Objectives: This document aimed to summarise the key components of exertional heat stroke (EHS) prehospital management.

Methods: Members of the International Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 summarised the current best practice regarding the EHS prehospital management.

Results: Sports competitions that are scheduled under high environmental heat stress or those that include events with high metabolic demands should implement and adopt policy and procedures for EHS prehospital management.

Changes in Body Composition and Its Relationship to Performance in Elite Female Track and Field Athletes Transitioning to the Senior Division.

Many elite female athletes struggle to maintain performance while transitioning from high school to university-level (senior) sports. This study explores factors of body composition that influenced performance in elite junior female track and field athletes transitioning to the senior division. Forty-two elite female track and field athletes, ranked among the top 100 in Japan, were enrolled in this study.