Randomized comparison of efficacy of paracetamol, lornoxicam, and tramadol representing three different groups of analgesics for pain control in extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.

Purpose: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is the mainstay treatment modality for upper urinary tract stones. However, it is a relatively painful procedure and so an efficient analgesia is required for better clinical success. The ideal method of anesthesia has not been standardized.