A review of bioanalytical methods, bioaccessibility, and toxicokinetics of emerging mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin in the context of health risk assessment.

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, often contaminate agricultural products, posing risks to human and animal health. Among these, enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) have gained attention due to their widespread occurrence in food and feed products and their potential toxic effects. This review comprehensively examines bioanalytical methods for detecting ENNs and BEA in biological matrices, focusing on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and advanced sample preparation techniques.

Identification of Beauvericin metabolites using rat and human liver microsomes and in vivo urinary excretion study in rats for biomonitoring application.

Beauvericin (BEA), an emerging mycotoxin, belongs to a class characterized by a cyclic depsipeptide ring structure, commonly produced by fungal species like Fusarium sp. and Beauveria bassiana. BEA is known for contaminating cereals and grains (wheat, maize).

Identification of potential chemical biomarkers of hexaconazole using in vitro metabolite profiling in rat and human liver microsomes and in vivo confirmation through urinary excretion study in rats.

Hexaconazole (HEX) is an azole fungicide widely used in agricultural practices across various countries and numerous studies have reported the toxic effects of HEX, such as endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Despite its widespread agricultural use and toxic effects, the metabolism of HEX is not completely understood, and information on urinary elimination of HEX or its metabolites is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to identify HEX metabolites in rat and human liver microsomes followed by their in vivo confirmation using a urinary excretion study in rats to identify potential candidate for exposure biomarkers for human biomonitoring studies.

A UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in Cycas sphaerica roxb. and its use in validating efficacy of a traditional BMAA removal method.

The presence of neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in the seeds of Cycas sphaerica is reported for first time. We developed a UPLC-MS/MS method for BMAA quantification by derivatizing with dansyl chloride. The method successfully differentiated L-BMAA from its structural isomer 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB).

Detection of bisphenols in Indian surface water, tap water, and packaged drinking water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: exposure assessment for health risk.

The prevalence of bisphenols (BPs) has been well documented in the aquatic environment of many countries, but such studies from India are quite limited. The present work aimed to determine the occurrence of BPs in surface water (n = 96), tap water (n = 172), and packaged drinking water (n = 42) and estimate their exposure to humans. For this, a simple, sensitive, cost-effective, and green analytical chemistry method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was employed.

Co-occurrence of mycotoxins: A review on bioanalytical methods for simultaneous analysis in human biological samples, mixture toxicity and risk assessment strategies.

Mycotoxins are the toxic chemical substances that are produced by various fungal species and some of these are harmful to humans. Mycotoxins are ubiquitous in nature and humans could be exposed to multiple mycotoxins simultaneously. Unfortunately, exposure to mixed mycotoxins is not very well studied.

Cytochrome P450 isoforms contribution, plasma protein binding, toxicokinetics of enniatin A in rats and in vivo clearance prediction in humans.

Emerging mycotoxins, such as enniatin A (ENNA), are becoming a worldwide concern owing to their presence in different types of food and feed. However, comprehensive toxicokinetic data that links intake, exposure and toxicological effects of ENNA has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, the present study investigated the in vitro (rat and human) and in vivo (rat) toxicokinetic properties of ENNA.