Assessing economic growth-energy consumption-CO nexus by climate zone: international evidence.

The energy economics literature lacks a consensus on the short- and long-term linkages along with the Granger causality direction between economic growth and energy consumption. This paper examines the relationships between economic growth, fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption, CO emissions, temperature, and population in 56 countries from 1990 to 2019. We contribute to the literature by uniquely grouping countries by climate zone (i.