New roles for Wnt and BMP signaling in neural anteroposterior patterning.

During amphibian development, neural patterning occurs via a two-step process. Spemann's organizer secretes BMP antagonists that induce anterior neural tissue. A subsequent caudalizing step re-specifies anterior fated cells to posterior fates such as hindbrain and spinal cord.

Molecular insights into the origin of the Hox-TALE patterning system.

Despite tremendous body form diversity in nature, bilaterian animals share common sets of developmental genes that display conserved expression patterns in the embryo. Among them are the Hox genes, which define different identities along the anterior-posterior axis. Hox proteins exert their function by interaction with TALE transcription factors.

Phenotypic characteristics of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with acute diarrhea among Israeli young adults.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea among infants and children in developing countries, as well as among travelers to these areas. The major virulence factors of ETEC are the colonization factor antigens (CFAs) and a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and/or a heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Among Israeli recruits serving under military field conditions, 107 of all examined isolates expressed LT or ST, and CFAs could be characterized in 68% of the isolates, in which CFAs of the CFA/II group and CS6 were the most prevalent.