History information emerges in the cortex during learning.

We learn from our experience but the underlying neuronal mechanisms incorporating past information to facilitate learning is relatively unknown. Specifically, which cortical areas encode history-related information and how is this information modulated across learning? To study the relationship between history and learning, we continuously imaged cortex-wide calcium dynamics as mice learn to use their whiskers to discriminate between two different textures. We mainly focused on comparing the same trial type with different trial history, that is, a different preceding trial.

Ultra-Fast Portable and Wearable Sensing Design for Continuous and Wide-Spectrum Molecular Analysis and Diagnostics.

The design and characterization of spatiotemporal nano-/micro-structural arrangement that enable real-time and wide-spectrum molecular analysis is reported and demonestrated in new horizons of biomedical applications, such as wearable-spectrometry, ultra-fast and onsite biopsy-decision-making for intraoperative surgical oncology, chiral-drug identification, etc. The spatiotemporal sesning arrangement is achieved by scalable, binder-free, functionalized hybrid spin-sensitive (<↑| or <↓|) graphene-ink printed sensing layers on free-standing films made of porous, fibrous, and naturally helical cellulose networks in hierarchically stacked geometrical configuration (HSGC). The HSGC operates according to a time-space-resolved architecture that modulate the mass-transfer rate for separation, eluation and detection of each individual compound within a mixture of the like, hereby providing a mass spectrogram.

Kidney Failure Alters Parathyroid Pin1 Phosphorylation and Parathyroid Hormone mRNA-Binding Proteins, Leading to Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Background: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of CKD that increases morbidity and mortality. In experimental SHP, increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression is due to enhanced mRNA stability, mediated by changes in its interaction with stabilizing AUF1 and destabilizing KSRP. The isomerase Pin1 leads to KSRP dephosphorylation, but in SHP parathyroid Pin1 activity is decreased and hence phosphorylated KSRP fails to bind mRNA, resulting in high mRNA stability and levels.

Color-flow doppler sonography in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction.

Objective: To assess the value of color-flow Doppler sonography (CFDS) in evaluating intrathyroidal blood flow and velocity in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction.

Methods: In this prospective study, patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, and euthyroid patients without known thyroid autoimmune disease who served as controls were included. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction was defined as normal se-rum free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in the presence of high (subclinical hypothyroidism), or low-suppressed (subclinical hyperthyroidism) serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels.