The DNA damage response (DDR) is a crucial cellular signaling pathway activated in response to DNA damage, including damage caused by chemotherapy. Chemoresistance, which refers to the resistance of cancer cells to the effects of chemotherapy, poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Understanding the relationship between DDR and chemoresistance is vital for devising strategies to overcome this resistance and improve treatment outcomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSmall nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that contributes in a variety of human pathologies. This lncRNAs acts as molecular sponge for various miRNAs, namely miR-200c-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-195, miR-133b, miR-199a/b-5p, miR-320b, miR-16, miR-15a, miR-218-5p, miR-320 and a number of other miRNAs. Through this mechanism, SNHG12 can affect activity of HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, VEGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PTEN, NF-κB and ERK-1/2 signaling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSIRT1 is a member of the sirtuin family functioning in the process of removal of acetyl groups from different proteins. This protein has several biological functions and is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, malignancy, aging, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation. Several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to interact with SIRT1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExosomes are an important group of extracellular vesicles that transfer several kinds of biomolecules and facilitate cell-cell communication. The content of exosomes, particularly the amounts of microRNA (miRNAs) inside these vesicles, demonstrates a disease-specific pattern reflecting pathogenic processes and may be employed as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. miRNAs may enter recipient cells through exosomes and generate a RISC complex that can cause degradation of the target mRNAs or block translation of their corresponding proteins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHippo pathway has been initially recognized as a regulatory mechanism for modulation of organ size in fruitfly. Subsequently, its involvement in the regulation of homeostasis and tumorigenesis has been identified. This pathway contains some tumor suppressor genes such as hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), as well as a number of oncogenic ones such as yorkie (yki).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor which is encoded by the HIF1A gene. This transcription factor is the main modulator of the cell response to hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of HIF-1α is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProgrammed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein with essential roles in the suppression of adaptive immune responses. As an immune checkpoint molecule, PD-L1 can be exploited by cancer cells to evade the anti-tumor attacks initiated by the immune system. Thus, blockade of the PD1/PD-L1 axis can eliminate the suppressive signals and release the antitumor immune responses.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is expressed in immune cells, especially in dendritic cells and macrophages and acts as a constituent of the inflammasome. This protein acts as a pattern recognition receptor identifying pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In addition to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, it recognizes damage-associated molecular patterns.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase 1 (ROCK1) is a protein serine/threonine kinase which is activated upon binding with the GTP-bound form of Rho. This protein can modulate actin-myosin contraction and stability. Moreover, it has a crucial role in the regulation of cell polarity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInterferons (IFNs) are a group of cellular proteins with critical roles in the regulation of immune responses in the course of microbial infections. Moreover, expressions of IFNs are dysregulated in autoimmune disorders. IFNs are also a part of immune responses in malignant conditions.
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