Cooperation and coordination in heterogeneous populations.

One landmark application of evolutionary game theory is the study of social dilemmas. This literature explores why people cooperate even when there are strong incentives to defect. Much of this literature, however, assumes that interactions are symmetric.

[Exploring and analyzing the improvement mechanism of U-Net and its application in medical image segmentation].

Remarkable results have been realized by the U-Net network in the task of medical image segmentation. In recent years, many scholars have been researching the network and expanding its structure, such as improvement of encoder and decoder and improvement of skip connection. Based on the optimization of U-Net structure and its medical image segmentation techniques, this paper elucidates in the following: First, the paper elaborates on the application of U-Net in the field of medical image segmentation; Then, the paper summarizes the seven improvement mechanism of U-Net: dense connection mechanism, residual connection mechanism, multi-scale mechanism, ensemble mechanism, dilated mechanism, attention mechanism, and transformer mechanism; Finally, the paper states the ideas and methods on the U-Net structure improvement in a bid to provide a reference for later researches, which plays a significant part in advancing U-Net.

Building Flexible Modules for Bifunctionalizing -Octanol: The Byproduct of Oleic Acid Biorefinery.

Artificial biorefinery of oleic acid into 1,10-decanedioic acid represents a revolutionizing route to the sustainable production of chemically difficult-to-make bifunctional chemicals. However, the carbon atom economy is extremely low (56%) due to the formation of unifunctional -octanol. Here, we report a panel of recombinant modules for diverse bifunctionalization, where the desired genetic parts are well distributed into different modules that can be flexibly combined in a plug-and-play manner.

APU-Net: An Attention Mechanism Parallel U-Net for Lung Tumor Segmentation.

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality, and lung nodules are the early stages of lung cancer. The symptoms of pulmonary nodules are not obvious in the clinic, and the optimal treatment time is missed due to the missed diagnosis in the clinic. A parallel U-Net network called APU-Net is proposed.

Carving the Active Site of CYP153A7 Monooxygenase for Improving Terminal Hydroxylation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids.

The P450-mediated terminal hydroxylation of non-activated C-H bonds is a chemically challenging reaction. CYP153A7 monooxygenase, discovered in Sphingomonas sp. HXN200, belongs to the CYP153A subfamily and shows a pronounced terminal selectivity.

Deciphering Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Long-Read Sequencing.

Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit chronic progressive lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems with unclear causes. The search for pathogenic mutations in human neurodegenerative diseases has benefited from massively parallel short-read sequencers. However, genomic regions, including repetitive elements, especially with high/low GC content, are far beyond the capability of conventional approaches.

The ensemble deep learning model for novel COVID-19 on CT images.

The rapid detection of the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has a positive effect on preventing propagation and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This article focuses on the rapid detection of COVID-19. We propose an ensemble deep learning model for novel COVID-19 detection from CT images.

One-pot preparation of hierarchical CuO hollow spheres for improved visible-light photocatalytic properties.

As visible light photocatalysts, narrow bandgap semiconductors can effectively convert solar energy to chemical energy, exhibiting potential applications in alleviating energy shortage and environmental pollution. CuO hollow spheres with a narrow band gap and uniform hierarchical structures have been fabricated in a controlled way. The one-pot solvothermal method without any template is simple and facile.

Facile fabrication of porous BiVO hollow spheres with improved visible-light photocatalytic properties.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO) hollow spheres with porous structure have been successfully fabricated by a one-step wet solution method with no surfactant and template. The structure, morphologies, and composition of the as-prepared products were studied with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron morphology (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. Based upon the time-dependent experimental results, BiVO nanospheres with hollow and solid structures can be controlled effectively through the reaction time, and a reasonable formation process was suggested in this work.

New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly and the most prevalent cause of dementia, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. The prevalence of AD continues to increase worldwide, becoming a great healthcare challenge of the twenty-first century. In the more than 110 years since AD was discovered, many related pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, and the most recognized hypotheses are the amyloid and tau hypotheses.

The competitive advantage of institutional reward.

Sustaining cooperation among unrelated individuals is a fundamental challenge in biology and the social sciences. In human society, this problem can be solved by establishing incentive institutions that reward cooperators and punish free-riders. Most of the previous studies have focused on which incentives promote cooperation best.

An etching based fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of hydrogen sulfide in cells.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is one of the most crucial gas signaling agents that mediate many physiological and pathological processes. However, rapid high-efficiency detection and imaging of HS in living cells is very challenging. Herein we reported a simple fluorescent nanoprobe using FAM-DNA/AgNP nanocomposites for fast and sensitive HS detection based on surface silver displacement.

The dynamics of human behavior in the public goods game with institutional incentives.

The empirical research on the public goods game (PGG) indicates that both institutional rewards and institutional punishment can curb free-riding and that the punishment effect is stronger than the reward effect. Self-regarding models that are based on Nash equilibrium (NE) strategies or evolutionary game dynamics correctly predict which incentives are best at promoting cooperation, but individuals do not play these rational strategies overall. The goal of our study is to investigate the dynamics of human decision making in the repeated PGG with institutional incentives.

Evolution of Conformity in Social Dilemmas.

People often deviate from their individual Nash equilibrium strategy in game experiments based on the prisoner's dilemma (PD) game and the public goods game (PGG), whereas conditional cooperation, or conformity, is supported by the data from these experiments. In a complicated environment with no obvious "dominant" strategy, conformists who choose the average strategy of the other players in their group could be able to avoid risk by guaranteeing their income will be close to the group average. In this paper, we study the repeated PD game and the repeated m-person PGG, where individuals' strategies are restricted to the set of conforming strategies.

[Evaluation of midazolam intravenous sedated patient's comfort degree in mandibular third molar surgery].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of continuous low-flow intravenous infusion of midazolam sedation in mandibular third molar surgery.

Methods: Fifty healthy patients with symmetrically placed impacted bilateral mandibular third molars were included in this self controlled, randomized clinical study. Degree of comfort (their actual current anxiety level) was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain and anxiety.

[Morphologic observation of papaya on anoxic damaged cerebral neurocytes of therapeutic efficacy in vitro].

Objective: To observe the effects of papaya on the therapeutic efficacy of cerebral neurocytes following anoxic damage in vitro.

Methods: The rat embryonic cerebral neurocytes were cultured with serum-free medium. Papapa was added in while anoxic damage occurred and the neurocytes were divided into four groups (group I-anoxic damage 0 mg/ml, group II-anoxic damage 0.

[An analysis of adhered cells on the surface of F-heparin surface modified intraocular lenses implanted into rhesus monkeys' eyes].

Objective: To study the biocompatibility of F-heparin surface modified intraocular lenses (IOLs) by observing cellular reaction on the surface of IOLs implanted into the rhesus monkeys' eyes.

Methods: Ten monkeys (20 eyes) were classified into two groups. PMMA IOLs and F-heparin modified IOLs were respectively implanted into 10 monkeys' eyes.