Observation of Heavy-Chain C-Terminal Des-GK Truncation in Recombinant and Human Endogenous IgG4.

Therapeutic IgG mAbs have shown presence of three variations of their heavy chain C-termini, including the unprocessed C-terminal lysine, the processed C-terminal lysine, and C-terminal amidation. These variants are also present in endogenous human IgGs, although the level of unprocessed C-terminal lysine is very low. Here we report a new heavy-chain C-terminal variant, i.

The K and NO Interaction Mediated by NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 Ensures Better Plant Growth under K-Limiting Conditions.

K and NO are the major forms of potassium and nitrogen that are absorbed by the roots of most terrestrial plants. In this study, we observed that a close relationship between NO and K in Arabidopsis () is mediated by NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.

Periosteal progenitors contribute to load-induced bone formation in adult mice and require primary cilia to sense mechanical stimulation.

Background: The fully developed adult skeleton adapts to mechanical forces by generating more bone, usually at the periosteal surface. Progenitor cells in the periosteum are believed to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts that contribute to load-induced adult bone formation, but in vivo evidence does not yet exist. Furthermore, the mechanism by which periosteal progenitors might sense physical loading and trigger differentiation is unknown.

Adenylyl cyclases and TRPV4 mediate Ca/cAMP dynamics to enhance fluid flow-induced osteogenesis in osteocytes.

Bone adapts to physical forces and this process is dependent on osteocyte mechanotransduction. One way osteocytes sense mechanical stimulation is through the primary cilium, a sensory organelle that triggers intracellular signaling cascades in response to fluid shear. Our lab previously determined that flow-induced ciliary Ca influx and changes in cytosolic cAMP levels are critical for osteogenesis.