Artificial intelligence applied to coronary artery calcium scans (AI-CAC) significantly improves cardiovascular events prediction.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scans contain valuable information beyond the Agatston Score which is currently reported for predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) only. We examined whether new artificial intelligence (AI) applied to CAC scans can predict non-CHD events, including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. We applied AI-enabled automated cardiac chambers volumetry and calcified plaque characterization to CAC scans (AI-CAC) of 5830 asymptomatic individuals (52.

Clonal Hematopoiesis is Associated With Severe Cytokine Release Syndrome in Patients Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CART) Therapy.

Among patients receiving CD19 or B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR T therapy, inflammation pre- and post-CAR T infusion is implicated in the development of toxicities including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and likely contributes to prolonged cytopenias. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH), the clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells harboring somatic mutations, has been associated with inflammasome upregulation. Herein, we examined the prevalence of pre-CAR T CH in a predominantly transplant-naïve cohort of recipients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or multiple myeloma (MM), and assessed the relationship between the presence of CH mutations and CAR T-related outcomes including CRS, ICANS, prolonged cytopenia, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Probiotics in the New Era of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs): HMO Utilization and Beneficial Effects of subsp. M-63 on Infant Health.

A healthy gut microbiome is crucial for the immune system and overall development of infants. has been known to be a predominant species in the infant gut; however, an emerging concern is the apparent loss of this genus, in particular, subsp. () in the gut microbiome of infants in industrialized nations, underscoring the importance of restoring this beneficial bacterium.

Superb microvascular imaging for evaluating the activity of juvenile localised scleroderma: a preliminary study.

Objectives: To investigate microvascular changes in juvenile localised scleroderma (JLS) lesions using superb microvascular imaging (SMI) and assess SMI's utility in evaluating disease activity.

Methods: This prospective study enroled 16 children (7 males) with pathologically diagnosed JLS between January 2021 and June 2023. Lesions were assessed using Localised Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tools, including the localised scleroderma skin activity index (LoSAI) and localised scleroderma skin damage index (LoSDI).

Through the Looking Glass: Unraveling the Stage-Shift of Acute Rejection in Renal Allografts.

Sub-optimal sensitivity and specificity in current allograft monitoring methodologies underscore the need for more accurate and reflexive immunosurveillance to uncover the flux in alloimmunity between allograft health and the onset and progression of rejection. QSant-a urine based multi-analyte diagnostic test-was developed to profile renal transplant health and prognosticate injury, risk of evolution, and resolution of acute rejection. Q-Score-the composite score, across measurements of DNA, protein and metabolic biomarkers in the QSant assay-enables this risk prognostication.

Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not associated with short-term changes in body composition.

Low total energy expenditure (TEE, MJ/d) has been a hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but repeatability of TEE, a critical variable in longitudinal studies of energy balance, is understudied. We examine repeated doubly labeled water (DLW) measurements of TEE in 348 adults and 47 children from the IAEA DLW Database (mean ± SD time interval: 1.9 ± 2.

Immune Reconstitution following High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation with or without Pembrolizumab Maintenance Therapy in Patients with Lymphoma.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a standard of care for patients with chemosensitive, relapsed/refractory (R/R) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Whereas the clinical benefit of ASCT has traditionally been attributed solely to cytoreduction from intensive chemotherapy, ASCT has important immunogenic effects that may contribute to its antitumor efficacy and could provide a favorable immune environment for post-ASCT immune-based maintenance treatments. We previously reported clinical results of a phase II trial (ClinicalTrials.

Diet Quality and Visceral Adiposity among a Multiethnic Population of Young, Middle, and Older Aged Adults.

Background: Visceral adiposity, more so than overall adiposity, is associated with chronic disease and mortality. There has been, to our knowledge, little research exploring the association between diet quality and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) among a mulitethnic population aged 18-80 y.

Objective: The primary objective of this cross-sectional analysis was to examine the association between diet quality [Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores] and VAT among a multiethnic population of young, middle, and older aged adults in the United States.

Top 10 priorities for future infertility research: an international consensus development study† ‡.

Study Question: Can the priorities for future research in infertility be identified?

Summary Answer: The top 10 research priorities for the four areas of male infertility, female and unexplained infertility, medically assisted reproduction and ethics, access and organization of care for people with fertility problems were identified.

What Is Known Already: Many fundamental questions regarding the prevention, management and consequences of infertility remain unanswered. This is a barrier to improving the care received by those people with fertility problems.

Comprehensive Analysis of Genetic Ancestry and Its Molecular Correlates in Cancer.

We evaluated ancestry effects on mutation rates, DNA methylation, and mRNA and miRNA expression among 10,678 patients across 33 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We demonstrated that cancer subtypes and ancestry-related technical artifacts are important confounders that have been insufficiently accounted for. Once accounted for, ancestry-associated differences spanned all molecular features and hundreds of genes.

Frequency and Distribution of Chest Radiographic Findings in Patients Positive for COVID-19.

Background Current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) radiologic literature is dominated by CT, and a detailed description of chest radiography appearances in relation to the disease time course is lacking. Purpose To describe the time course and severity of findings of COVID-19 at chest radiography and correlate these with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2, nucleic acid. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of patients with COVID-19 confirmed by using RT-PCR and chest radiographic examinations who were admitted across four hospitals and evaluated between January and March 2020.

PD-1 blockade for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplantation.

Disease relapse remains the leading cause of failure after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL). We conducted a phase 2, multicenter, single-arm study of the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab given after ASCT in patients with chemosensitive DLBCL, hypothesizing that it would improve the progression-free survival (PFS) at 18 months after ASCT (primary endpoint) from 60% to 80%. Pembrolizumab was administered at 200 mg IV every 3 weeks for up to 8 cycles, starting within 21 days of post-ASCT discharge.

PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab for classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplantation.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains the standard of care for patients with relapsed/refractory (RR) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) who respond to salvage chemotherapy. However, relapse after ASCT remains a frequent cause of treatment failure, with poor subsequent prognosis. Because cHL is uniquely vulnerable to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade, PD-1 blockade given as consolidation after ASCT could improve ASCT outcomes.

An Updated Systematic Review of Studies Mapping (or Cross-Walking) Measures of Health-Related Quality of Life to Generic Preference-Based Measures to Generate Utility Values.

Background: Mapping is an increasingly common method used to predict instrument-specific preference-based health-state utility values (HSUVs) from data obtained from another health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measure. There have been several methodological developments in this area since a previous review up to 2007.

Objective: To provide an updated review of all mapping studies that map from HRQoL measures to target generic preference-based measures (EQ-5D measures, SF-6D, HUI measures, QWB, AQoL measures, 15D/16D/17D, CHU-9D) published from January 2007 to October 2018.

Roux-en-Y or Billroth II Reconstruction After Radical Distal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the clinical symptoms between Billroth II (B-II) and Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction after distal subtotal gastrectomy (DG) for gastric cancer.

Background: Surgery is the mainstay of curative treatment for gastric cancer. The technique for reconstruction after DG remains controversial.

Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells.

Characterizing the transcriptome of individual cells is fundamental to understanding complex biological systems. We describe a droplet-based system that enables 3' mRNA counting of tens of thousands of single cells per sample. Cell encapsulation, of up to 8 samples at a time, takes place in ∼6 min, with ∼50% cell capture efficiency.

Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer.

Background: Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the backbone of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer since the 1940s. We assessed whether concomitant treatment with ADT plus docetaxel would result in longer overall survival than that with ADT alone.

Methods: We assigned men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer to receive either ADT plus docetaxel (at a dose of 75 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3 weeks for six cycles) or ADT alone.

Healthy dietary habits score as an indicator of diet quality in New Zealand adolescents.

Adoption of optimal dietary habits during adolescence is associated with better health outcomes later in life. However, the associations between a pattern of healthy dietary habits encapsulated in an index and sociodemographic and nutrient intake have not been examined among adolescents. This study aimed to develop a behavior-based diet index and examine its validity in relation to sociodemographic factors, nutrient intakes, and biomarkers in a representative sample of New Zealand (NZ) adolescents aged 15-18 y (n = 694).

Carbohydrate nutrition is associated with changes in the retinal vascular structure and branching pattern in children.

Background: Higher intake of carbohydrates and high-glycemic index (high-GI) diets could lead to small vessel dysfunction.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the associations between intakes of high-GI and high-glycemic load (high-GL) diets, carbohydrate, and the main carbohydrate-containing food groups and retinal microvascular changes in preadolescents.

Design: Students aged 12 y (n = 2353) from a random cluster sample of 21 schools underwent detailed eye examinations.

Acquired coenzyme Q10 deficiency in children with recurrent food intolerance and allergies.

The current study evaluated 23 children (ages 2-16 years) with recurrent food intolerance and allergies for CoQ10 deficiency and mitochondrial abnormalities. Muscle biopsies were tested for CoQ10 levels, pathology, and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activities. Group 2 (age >10 years; n = 9) subjects had significantly decreased muscle CoQ10 than Group 1 (age <10 y; n = 14) subjects (p = 0.

Body composition in prepubertal girls: comparison of six methods.

Objective: To compare estimates of fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage body fat (%fat) by six different methods in prepubertal girls.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Subjects: Normal-weight, multi-ethnic, prepubertal girls (age=8.