Stroke phase differences in the linear relationship between swimming velocity and vertical body position during front crawl.

We aimed to investigate whether a linear relationship exists between swimming velocity and vertical body position for each stroke phase in front crawl, and to determine whether there are differences in the velocity effect among the stroke phases. Eleven male swimmers performed a 15 m front crawl at various swimming velocities. The whole-body centre of mass (CoM) was estimated from individual digital human models using inverse kinematics.

Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization in healthy adults acutely changes the tissue stiffness.

This study clarified whether instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) on the plantar surface changes abductor hallucis and plantar fascia stiffness at rest and medial longitudinal arch height under low- and high-loading conditions. IASTM was performed to one foot of the twenty-eight young men (IASTM condition), and the other foot of them was assigned to the control condition. Using ultrasonography, the resting shear wave propagation velocity of the abductor hallucis and plantar fascia and navicular height in a seated posture were determined.

Interpreting the Projected Frontal Area in Front Crawl: Determining the Projected Frontal Area of Each Body Segment.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide evidence for the interpretation of the projected frontal area (PFA) during front crawl. To achieve this goal, we developed a method for calculating the PFA of each body segment using digital human technology and compared the pressure drag under two calculation conditions: a combination of the PFA with and without accounting for the horizontal velocity of each body segment.

Methods: Twelve competitive male swimmers performed a 15-m front crawl at 1.

Manual Interstructural Release Procedure Can Alter Muscle Shear Modulus.

Purpose: Interstructural release (ISR) procedure to skeletal muscles is believed to attenuate adhesion between neighboring muscles and alleviate subjective symptoms, including perceived stiffness and associated pain. However, objective evidence about the effect of ISR on the mechanical properties of the muscles is limited. The purpose of this study was to test the acute effect of ISR on the shear modulus of adjacent muscles.

Conserved CKI1-mediated signaling is required for female germline specification in Marchantia polymorpha.

In land plants, gametes derive from a small number of dedicated haploid cells. In angiosperms, one central cell and one egg cell are differentiated in the embryo sac as female gametes for double fertilization, while in non-flowering plants, only one egg cell is generated in the female sexual organ, called the archegonium. The central cell specification of Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by the histidine kinase CYTOKININ-INDEPENDENT 1 (CKI1), which is a two-component signaling (TCS) activator sharing downstream regulatory components with the cytokinin signaling pathway.