The roles of florivory and herbivory in maintaining intra-population flower colour variation in Anemone coronaria.

Most flowering plants are colour monomorphic, while within-population flower colour variation is rare. Multiple selection agents on flower colour, each favouring a different colour morph, may drive such uncommon polymorphisms. We tested the role of biotic antagonistic interactions in maintaining flower colour variation in Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae), in colour-polymorphic populations comprised of red, purple, and white flowers.

In silico analysis of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the basal eudicot model, .

Unlabelled: R2R3-MYBs are an important group of transcription factors that regulate crucial developmental processes across the plant kingdom; yet no comprehensive analysis of the R2R3-MYBs in the early-diverging eudicot clade of Ranunculaceae has been conducted so far. In the present study,  is chosen to understand the extent of conservation and divergence of R2R3-MYBs as a representative of the family by analysing the genomic distribution, organization, gene structure, physiochemical properties, protein architecture, evolution and possible mode of expansion. Genome-wide analysis showed the presence of 82 putative homologues classified into 21 subgroups, based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length protein sequences.

Optimization of Radiofrequency Needle Placement in Percutaneous Cordotomy Using Electromyography in the Deeply Sedated Patient.

Background And Objectives: Cordotomy, the selective disconnection of the nociceptive fibers in the spinothalamic tract, is used to provide pain palliation to oncological patients suffering from intractable cancer-related pain. Cordotomies are commonly performed using a cervical (C1-2) percutaneous approach under imaging guidance and require patients' cooperation to functionally localize the spinothalamic tract. This can be challenging in patients suffering from extreme pain.

Flower Size as an Honest Signal in Royal Irises ( Section , Iridaceae).

Flower traits, such as flower size or color changes, can act as honest signals indicating greater rewards such as nectar; however, nothing is known about shelter-rewarding systems. Large flowers of Royal irises offer overnight shelter as a reward to bees. A black patch might signal the entrance to the tunnel (shelter) and, together with the flower size, these might act as honest signals.