Characterization of Serotype CD Mosaic Botulinum Neurotoxin in Comparison with Serotype C and A.

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by , cleaves proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, thereby triggering flaccid paralyses, which are responsible for botulism. BoNT is classified into seven serotypes (BoNT/A-G); BoNT/A and BoNT/B are used as medical therapeutics and anti-wrinkle reagents. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of BoNT/CD, a mosaic toxin of BoNT/C and BoNT/D, to assess its potential as a therapeutic alternative for BoNT/A.

Species-specific gene duplication in Clostridia produces variations of cholesterol-dependent cytolysin with different cytotoxicity.

Cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) is a bacterial toxin that binds to eukaryotic cholesterol-containing membranes, forms oligomeric complexes, and is inserted into the bilayer to create large aqueous pores. Recently, we reported a species-specific duplication of the hemolysin gene in group III Clostridium botulinum. The duplicated genes (bly1 and bly2) encoded two separate CDC proteins (botulinolysins; BLY1 and BLY2).

Complete subunit structure of serotype C and D botulinum progenitor toxin complex induces vacuolation in the specific epithelial cell line.

Clostridium botulinum produces seven botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes. In nature, BoNT exists as a part of the progenitor toxin complex (PTC) through associations with neurotoxin associated proteins (NAPs), including nontoxic nonhemagglutinin and hemagglutinin (HA) complex, consists of HA-70, HA-17 and HA-33. Because PTC displays higher oral toxicity than pure BoNTs, NAPs play a critical role in food poisoning.

Airfreight data from Memanbetsu airport correlated to fish and scallop catch in okhotsk subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan.

This data article features four figures showing the correlations between the biomass of fish and scallop landed in Okhotsk subprefecture (Hokkaido, Japan) and airfreights from Memanbetsu Airport, a dominant airport in the subprefecture. Total landings of fish and scallop were collected from Hokkaido government office website while the airfreight data were acquired from the Memanbetsu Airport management office. The second and third figures in this data article are in a matrix heatmap format and a line graph, representing the statistical monthly data of airfreights from the airport and fish and scallop landings in the subprefecture; data were gathered from 2009 to 2018.

Data on the number of passengers using buses in Abashiri city, Hokkaido, from 2013 to 2018.

This article relates to data concerning the number of passengers using buses operating in Abashiri city, Hokkaido, Japan, from 2013 to 2018. Data on the number of passengers for three lines-the line, the line, and the line-were collected by counting the passengers getting on and off the buses at each stop. The survey was conducted for one week each in February, June, and September of each year of the study period.