Angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma: the role of tumor-associated macrophages.

Objective: To explore vascularity and associated molecules in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to study their correlations to disease outcome.

Methods: Tissue samples from 51 Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were obtained between November 1997 and August 2000. Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of RCC and normal kidney tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

General pharmacology of the new antimuscarinic compound vamicamide.

The general pharmacology of the new antimuscarinic compound vamicamide (FK176, (+/-)-(2R*, 4R*)-4-dimethylamino-2-phenyl-2- (2-pyridyl)valeramide, CAS 132373-81-0) was investigated using mice, rats, guinea pigs and dogs, and was in part compared with that of oxybutynin hydrochloride (oxybutynin, CAS 1508-65-2), a similar type of compound. 1. Vamicamide induced mydriasis after oral administration (p.