Proposal for a New Exercise Method for Dysphagia with Velopharyngeal Inadequacy: A Case of Bickerstaff's Brainstem Encephalitis.

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis is an autoimmune disease with the primary lesion situated in the brainstem and three cardinal signs: ophthalmoplegia; ataxia; and impaired consciousness. A 68-year-old man was started on rehabilitation exercise 3 months after onset of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, due to remnant dysarthria and dysphagia (Functional Oral Intake Scale, level 5) after the cardinal signs of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis resolved. Exercise involved using a straw in the anterior midline between the dorsal tongue and hard palate.

Increase in plasma malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein in patients with atherothrombotic cerebral infarction.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ox-LDL) is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL), an indicator of Ox-LDL, in cerebral infarction. We also investigated the relationship between MDA-LDL and atherosclerotic change of the carotid artery.