Effects of freezing temperatures on early life stages of native trees of different elevational origin: implications for tree recruitment in seasonally dry mountain forests.

In mountain forests, tree regeneration is limited by increasingly frequent frosts with increasing elevation. We investigated the effects of exposure to freezing temperature on early life stages of two native trees of different elevational origin in a seasonally dry mountain forest. We hypothesized that the negative effects of freezing exposure on performance of early life stages increases as freezing temperature decreases, and that frost resistance increases in plants of high elevational origin.

Current Trends and Future Directions for Outpatient Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Review of the Anesthesia Choices and Analgesic Options.

The aging population and the obesity epidemic have led to an increased rate of joint arthroplasty procedures, specifically total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. These surgeries are associated with increased hospital length of stay and, consequently, higher costs. Despite the benefits of outpatient surgery, only a small percentage of total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) are done in this manner.