Evaluation of the orthopaedics and traumatology resident education in Turkey: A descriptive study.

Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the current situation regarding the training, working conditions, future plans, fields of interest and satisfaction of orthopaedics and traumatology residents in Turkey.

Methods: A descriptive survey questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was designed to identify the problems and solution suggestions concerning training of orthopaedic residents. All orthopaedics and traumatology residents who took the 2013 Progress Testing for Speciality in Medicine (UEGS) held by Turkish Orthopaedics and Traumatology Education Council (TOTEK) were surveyed in the class at the end thereof as well as the young orthopaedic surgeons who were reached through the email groups of Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology - Residents and Young Attendings Council (TOTBID-AGUH).

Cooperativity and intermediate states in the T----R-structural transformation of insulin.

With respect to T----R-structural transformation, cobalt insulin hexamers appear as dimers of two positively cooperative trimers which are related by negative cooperativity. Transformation of the first trimer causes polarization of the hexamer which is insurmountable by inorganic anions (SCN theta) used as transforming agents, and in the case of phenolic agents (m-cresol), which can achieve complete transformation of the hexamer, allows the identification of the T3R3 intermediate. Zinc insulin hexamers are also transformed in a stepwise manner, but for the first step the sigmoidal shape of the titration curve cannot be detected.