Evidence for the Neuronal Expression and Secretion of Adiponectin.

Peripheral adiponectin acts on the hypothalamus to inhibit energy expenditure and increase food intake through its receptors AdipoR1 and adipoR2. The hypothalamic expression of adiponectin is poorly documented. We hypothesize that whether hypothalamic adiponectin is confirmed, its expression and secretion could be regulated as peripheral adiponectin.

Ovarian insufficiency impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through activation of hypothalamic de novo ceramide synthesis.

Oestrogens regulate body weight through their action on hypothalamus to modulate food intake and energy expenditure. Hypothalamic de novo ceramide synthesis plays a central role on obesity induced by oestrogen deficiency. Depletion in oestrogens is also known to be associated with glucose intolerance, which favours type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Is resistin the master link between inflammation and inflammation-related chronic diseases?

Resistin has been firstly discovered in mice and was identified as an adipose tissue-secreted hormone or adipokine linking obesity and insulin resistance. In humans, resistin has been characterized as a hormone expressed and secreted by Immune cells especially by macrophages, and was linked to many inflammatory responses including inflammation of adipose tissue due to macrophages' infiltration. Human and mouse resistin display sequence and structural similarities and also dissimilarities that could explain their different expression pattern.

Palmitic acid promotes resistin-induced insulin resistance and inflammation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma.

Saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid promote inflammation and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, contrasting with the protective action of polyunsaturated fatty acids such docosahexaenoic acid. Palmitic acid effects have been in part attributed to its potential action through Toll-like receptor 4. Beside, resistin, an adipokine, also promotes inflammation and insulin resistance via TLR4.