On the size of apical foramen in anterior teeth, bicuspids and molars.

The present authors have used a replica method to obtain area size measurements for the apical foramen in 4,613 human permanent teeth, and have obtained the following results: 1. The morphology of the apical foramen is rich in variety which make it difficult to express its accurate size using foramen diameter measurement. It is therefore more appropriate to determine its size as an area measurement.

Patho-morphological study of the supplemental groove.

The following results have been obtained in consequence of patho-morphological examination regarding the supplemental groove. 1. Light microscopic observation of cross-sectioned supplemental grooves revealed that most of them were shallow in the form of plate or bowl.