A geospatial and statistical analysis of land surface temperature in response to land use land cover changes and urban heat island dynamics.

The escalating trend of global urbanization, particularly pronounced in the burgeoning urban areas of Pakistan, necessitates a meticulous examination of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes and their extensive environmental repercussions. Understanding these transformations is crucial for informed decision-making in evolving ecological dynamics. This research utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and statistical analyses to investigate LULC thoroughly changes in Okara District, Pakistan, from 1991 to 2023.