Hyoid-complex elevation and stimulation technique restores swallowing function in patients with lateral medullary syndrome: Two case reports.

Background: A swallowing disorder may occur following a brainstem stroke, especially one that occurs in the swallowing centers. Lateral medullary syndrome (referred to as LMS), a rare condition in which a vascular event occurs in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or the vertebral artery, has been reported to lead to more severe and longer lasting dysphagia.

Case Summary: We report two patients with dysphagia due to LMS and propose a novel technique named hyoid-complex elevation and stimulation technique (known as HEST).

Biotransformation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by three fungal species , and .

The microbial transformation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (4-AD; ) by three fungal species, involved , and , has been studied. The latter two fungi were studied for the first time on biotransformation of 4-AD. The main product obtained by was 17α-oxa-D-homo-androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (testolactone; IV), which can be used as an anticancer agent.