4D Additive-Subtractive Manufacturing of Shape Memory Ceramics.

The development of high-temperature structural materials, such as ceramics, is limited by their extremely high melting points and the difficulty in building complicated architectures. Four-dimensional (4D) printing helps enhance the geometrical flexibility of ceramics. However, ceramic 4D printing systems are limited by the separate processes for shape and material transformations, low accuracy of morphing systems, low resolution of ceramic structures, and their time-intensive nature.