Applying Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Interpret Carbamazepine's Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Its Induction Potential on Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Cytochrome P450 2C9 Enzymes.

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is commonly prescribed for epilepsy and frequently used in polypharmacy. However, concerns arise regarding its ability to induce the metabolism of other drugs, including itself, potentially leading to the undertreatment of co-administered drugs. Additionally, CBZ exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK), but the root causes have not been fully studied.

The development of the social health scale for the elderly.

Background: With the elderly population comprising an increasing large proportion of society, a valid and reliable measure of social health in the elderly is indispensable for a comprehensive health assessment. The objective of this study is to develop a Social Health Scale for the Elderly (SHSE).

Methods: A draft scale was generated based on a literature review and expert surveys.

[Prediction of the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction of pravastatin and pitavastatin with cyclosporine by a digital liver model based on metabolism and transporter].

Information of metabolic enzymes and transporters, physiological parameters of animals and demography of Chinese people were integrated to establish a digital liver model (DLM) based on metabolism and transporter and coded with VBA. Clearance and drug-drug interaction (DDI) of candidate drugs in animal and human could be predicted based on the pharmacokinetic data obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Pravastatin and pitavastatin were selected as the samples to examine this model, where their clearance and their DDI with cyclosporine were predicted.

Organic anion and cation transporters are possibly involved in renal excretion of entecavir in rats.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of transporters in the renal excretion of entecavir.

Main Methods: We analyzed the effect of probenecid, cimetidine, sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP), verapamil, inhibitors of organic anion transporter (OAT), organic cation transporter (OCT), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and P-glycoprotein respectively, on the excretion of entecavir. The area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), body clearance, and renal clearance of entecavir was examined in each group.

[Hepatobiliary transport of glutathione and its role in cholestasis].

Glutathione is a tripeptide comprised by L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine, that serves antioxygenation and deintoxication functions within the cell. Recent study has found that glutathione is the main driving force for bile salt-independent bile flow, impaired biliary excretion of glutathione can lead to cholestasis. This review focuses on hepatobiliary transport of glutathione and its role in cholestasis.

[The public education and instruction of Peiping Health Society of Women and Children].

The speech delivered by Mrs. Sanger at the Peking University in April, 1922 marked the pushing forward of public movement of modern birth control in the society. An institution was set up, special magazines and works published in that year.