Post-marketing study design to evaluate the effectiveness of the 9-valent and 4-valent HPV vaccines on serious HPV-related cervical disease in China.

The 4-valent (4 v) and 9-valent (9 v) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are approved in China for females aged 9-45 years. However, the real-world impact of 4vHPV or 9vHPV vaccination for the prevention of high-grade cervical disease in Chinese women is lacking. Two post-marketing surveillance studies will be conducted to measure the occurrence of high-grade cervical lesions in Chinese women who had received ≥1 dose of the 4vHPV (aged 20-45 years) or 9vHPV (aged 16-26 years) vaccine in Ningbo, China.

Literature review to identify evidence of secondary transmission of pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RV5) strains to unvaccinated subjects.

Background: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children. Live attenuated vaccines can lead to horizontal transmission with the risk of vaccine-derived disease in contacts. Transmission of pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RV5) strains leading to clinical disease was not well evaluated in the pivotal clinical trials, and only a few case reports have been described in the literature.

Health impact and cost effectiveness of implementing gender-neutral HPV vaccination in Japan.

Objective: To assess the public health impact and cost effectiveness of gender-neutral vaccination (GNV) versus female-only vaccination (FOV) with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Japan.

Methods: We modeled the public health impact and cost effectiveness of GNV versus FOV to prevent HPV-associated diseases in Japan over the next 100 years. We used one-way sensitivity analyses to examine the impact of varying key model input parameters and conducted scenario analyses to explore the effects of varying the vaccination coverage rate (VCR) of each cohort.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COPD screening programs in primary care for high-risk patients in China.

We built a decision-analytic model to compare the cost-effectiveness of using portable spirometer and questionnaire to screen chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) with no screening (i.e. usual care) among chronic bronchitis patient in China.

Comparative analysis of medical expenditure with nebulized budesonide versus systemic corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and is a leading cause of disability in China. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are a leading cause of hospitalizations, and account for a substantial proportion of medical expenditure. Corticosteroids are commonly used to manage AECOPD in hospitalized patients, so our objective was to analyze the total medical expenditure associated with nebulized budesonide (nBUD) vs.

Determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditure in China: analysis using China Health and Nutrition Survey data.

Background: within total health expenditure, the share of out-of-pocket health expenditure by individuals has increased in the past 25 years in China, from 20% in 1980 to 49% in 2006, with a peak of 59% in 2000. Medical issues have become a larger concern than any other issue for households.

Objective: to estimate the determinants of individual out-of-pocket health expenditure in China.

The new cooperative medical scheme in China.

The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) is a heavily subsidized voluntary health insurance program established in 2003 to reduce the risk of catastrophic health spending for rural residents in China. In this review, we present the current collection of knowledge available regarding the performance of NCMS on the aspects of revenue collection, risk pooling, reimbursement rules and provider payment. The available evidence suggests that NCMS has substantially improved health care access and utilization among the participants; however, it appears to have no statistically significant effect on average household out-of-pocket health spending and catastrophic expenditure risk.