Economic costs attributable to modifiable risk factors: an analysis of 24 million urban residents in China.

Background: Estimating the economic burden of modifiable risk factors is crucial for allocating scarce healthcare resources to improve population health. We quantified the economic burden attributable to modifiable risk factors in an urban area of China.

Methods: Our Shanghai Municipal Health Commission dataset covered 2.

Evaluation of vaccine allergy safety track program to assess potential COVID-19 vaccine allergy: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background: Concerns about new COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in vaccine hesitancy and hampered population uptake. Hong Kong initiated a Vaccine Allergy Safety Track (VAS-Track) program to assess potential COVID-19 vaccine-associated allergies. A 'Hub-and-Spoke' model of predominately non-specialists supported by the allergist hub was established to meet overwhelming demand despite limited specialists.

Short- and long-term impacts of the National Essential Medicines Policy on drug availability, price, and usage in a deprived rural county in southwestern China: an interrupted time series analysis across 8 years.

Background: China's National Essential Medicines Policy (NEMP) has been implemented for over 15 years; yet empirical evidence on its long-term impacts is lacking, particularly in remote and rural regions. This study aims to assess the short-and long-term effects of NEMP on the drug availability, price, and usage in a deprived rural county in southwestern China.

Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed, featuring a single-group pre-and-post comparison.

A profile of patients' and doctors' perceptions, acceptance, and utilization of e-health in a deprived region in southwestern China.

Background: E-health has the potential to promote health accessibility, performance and cost-saving. However, the adoption and penetration of e-health in underprivileged areas remains insufficient. We aim to investigate patients' and doctors' perception, acceptance, and utilization of e-health in a rural, spatially isolated and poverty-stricken county in southwestern China.

Equality and social determinants of spatial accessibility, availability, and affordability to primary health care in Hong Kong, a descriptive study from the perspective of spatial analysis.

Objective: Primary health care (PHC) is widely perceived to be the backbone of health care systems. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, PHC has not only provided primary medical services, but also served as a grassroots network for public health. Our research explored the accessibility, availability, and affordability of primary health care from a spatial perspective, to understand the social determinants affecting access to it in Hong Kong.

Economic Value of Vaccines to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed significant costs on economies. Safe and effective vaccines are a key tool to control the pandemic; however, vaccination programs can be costly. Are the benefits they bestow worth the costs they incur? The relative value of COVID-19 vaccines has not been widely assessed.

The ecology of medical care in Shanghai.

Background: To better understand the distribution and consumption patterns of resources in different ethnic groups and at different levels of economic development, this paper chose to describe the healthcare seeking behavior in Shanghai.

Methods: The data are from the Sixth Health Service Survey of Shanghai, which encompasses 23,198 permanent residents. Descriptive analyses were conducted to estimate the number of patients who reported health-related symptoms and healthcare-seeking behaviors per 1,000 residents.

Patient-centred method to evaluate the spatial accessibility of primary health care in a case study in Shanghai.

Quantitative methodology investigating medical resource accessibility does not incorporate patients' feelings about the adequacy and fairness of primary health care (PHC). In this study we quantified the spatial accessibility of PHC from the patient perspective. The main obstacles regarding access to PHC services are: (1) distance from the medical facility; and (2) waiting times after reaching the facility.

Inpatient Flow Distribution Patterns at Shanghai Hospitals.

Empirical studies based on patient flow data are needed to provide more materials to summarize the general pattern of patient distribution models. This study takes Shanghai as an example and tries to demonstrate the inpatient flow distribution model for different levels and specialties of medical institutions. Power, negative exponential, Gaussian, and log-logistic models were used to fit the distributions of inpatients, and a model of inpatient distribution patterns in Shanghai was derived, based on these four models.

Comparing Regional Distribution Equity among Doctors in China before and after the 2009 Medical Reform Policy: A Data Analysis from 2002 to 2017.

Background: Although China began implementing medical reforms in 2009 aimed at fair allocation of the regional distribution of doctors, little is known of their impact. This study analyzed the geographic distribution of doctors from 2002 to 2017.

Methods: This study calculated the Gini coefficient and Theil index among doctors in the eastern, central, and western regions (Category 1) of China, and in urban and rural areas (Category 2).

GIS-based method to delimit spheres of influence for a medical consortium: Experience of a pediatric medical consortium, Shanghai.

Background: To improve the utilization efficiency of health care services, the concept of a "regional medical consortium" has attracted more attention during the most recent round of health care reform in China. Shanghai, a municipality of China, has made many efforts to promote its regional medical consortium project. In this paper, the pediatric medical consortium of Shanghai will serve as an example to introduce the main tasks and groundwork of the Shanghai medical consortium and will underscore Shanghai's exploration of the vertical integration of medical resources.

Use of geographical information systems for delimiting health service areas in China.

With the objective of choosing a practical and valid method to delimit health service areas of regional health service centres to build a regional basic health service network, we first drew lessons from traditional geographic methods of delimiting trade areas and then applied two methods to delimit health service areas, i.e. the proximal method and the gravity method.

Using the Fusion Proximal Area Method and Gravity Method to Identify Areas with Physician Shortages.

Objectives: This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based proximal area method and gravity method for identifying areas with physician shortages. The innovation of this paper is that it uses the appropriate methods to discover each type of health resource and then integrates all these methods to assess spatial access to health resources using population distribution data. In this way, spatial access to health resources for an entire city can be visualized in one neat package, which can help health policy makers quickly comprehend realistic distributions of health resources at a macro level.