Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by pentachlorophenol in primary cultures of Carassius carassius hepatocytes.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a highly toxic contaminant of chlorophenols. Due to its slow and incomplete biodegradation, it can be found in surface, groundwater and in soils. To investigate the role of intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species in apoptosis induced by PCP in cultured hepatocytes, the primary hepatocytes of Carassius carassius were incubated with different concentrations of PCP at 25 degrees C for 8 h in vitro.

Improvement of growth and camptothecin yield by altering nitrogen source supply in cell suspension cultures of Camptotheca acuminata.

Nitrate at 70 mM gave the highest biomass of Camptotheca acuminata in suspension culture in MS medium, but a NH4+/NO3- molar ratio of 5:1 (giving a total of 40 mM N) gave the maximum camptothecin yield. A two-stage flask culture system was established to improve culture efficiency; cell dry weight, camptothecin content and yield was increased by 30%, 280% and 340%, respectively when compared with those of control, reaching up to 36 g l(-1), 0.36 mg g(-1), and 12.