Hc-hrg-2, a glutathione transferase gene, regulates heme homeostasis in the blood-feeding parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus.

Background: Haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding parasite, is constantly surrounded by large quantities of heme released from the catabolism of host red blood cells. To cope with the toxicity of free heme, H. contortus needs to uptake and detoxify the heme, a process believed to be paramount for parasite survival.

Staphylococcus aureus Protein A induces osteoclastogenesis via the NF‑κB signaling pathway.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common organism causing osteomyelitis, and Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) is an important virulence factor anchored in its cell wall. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the bone loss caused by SpA have not been well understood.

CHI3L1 regulation of inflammation and the effects on osteogenesis in a Staphylococcus aureus-induced murine model of osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow that occurs as a consequence of infections mainly attributed to Staphylococcus aureus. In a previous study, we found that expression of the chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) gene affected mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells infected with S. aureus and there was increased expression of CHI3L1 in the blood of osteomyelitis patients.

Profiling of differentially expressed genes in sheep T lymphocytes response to an artificial primary Haemonchus contortus infection.

Background: Haemonchus contortus is a common bloodsucking nematode causing widespread economic loss in agriculture. Upon H. contortus infection, a series of host responses is elicited, especially those related to T lymphocyte immunity.

Expression of Caenorhabditis elegans-expressed Trans-HPS, partial aminopeptidase H11 from Haemonchus contortus.

Aminopeptidase H11 present in the surface of intestine microvilli in Haemonchus contortus was identified as the most effective antigen candidate. However, its recombinant forms produced in Escherichiacoli, insect cells and yeast could not provide promising protection against H. contortus challenge, probably due to the inappropriate glycosylation and/or conformational folding.