Complete mitochondrial genome of the blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus is determined for the first time in this study. The gene composition and order in the mitogenome of C. melanopterus is identical to most vertebrates.

The updated phylogenies of the phasianidae based on combined data of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.

The phylogenetic relationships of species in the Phasianidae, Order Galliformes, are the object of intensive study. However, convergent morphological evolution and rapid species radiation result in much ambiguity in the group. Further, matrilineal (mtDNA) genealogies conflict with trees based on nuclear DNA retrotransposable elements.

Parallel evolution of IDH2 gene in cetaceans, primates and bats.

Cetaceans and primates both have large brains that require large amounts of aerobic energy metabolism. In bats, the cost of flight makes locomotion energetically demanding. These mammalian groups may represent three independent evolutionary origins of an energy-demanding lifestyle in mammals.