Analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis population for Surgical Site Infection Risk Factors.

Objective: The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients undergoing surgical correction varies but is commonly reported between 0.5 and 6.7 %.

Correlation of transverse rotation of the spine using surface topography and 3D reconstructive radiography in children with idiopathic scoliosis.

Purpose: The relationship between axial surface rotation (ASR) measured by surface topography (ST) and axial vertebral rotation (AVR) measured by radiography in the transverse plane is not well defined. This study aimed to: (1) quantify ASR and AVR patterns and their magnitudes from T1 to L5; (2) determine the correlation or agreement between the ASR and AVR; and (3) investigate the relationship between axial rotation differences (ASR-AVR) and major Cobb angle.

Methods: This is a retrospective study evaluating patients (age 8-18) with IS or spinal asymmetry with both radiographic and ST measurements.

3D Back Contour Metrics in Predicting Idiopathic Scoliosis Progression: Retrospective Cohort Analysis, Case Series Report and Proof of Concept.

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis is a 3D spinal deformity commonly characterized by serial radiographs. Patients with AIS may have increased average radiation exposure compared to unaffected patients and thus may be implicated with a modest increase in cancer risk. To minimize lifetime radiation exposure, alternative imaging modalities such as surface topography are being explored.

Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces.

Background: There are many different Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis style brace designs available in the market for the correction of scoliosis deformity. Hole cut out patterns, are commonly used in brace designs. These cut-outs may be subdivided into two groups: hole patterns and windows.

Idiopathic Congenital Talipes Equinovarus in Wisconsin Newborns: Incidence and Associated Risk Factors.

Introduction: Clubfoot, also known as idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus, is one of the most common pediatric deformities affecting 1 to 2 in every 1,000 live births. We sought to provide the first known analysis of incidence of clubfoot diagnoses in the most populous region of Wisconsin as well as risk factors associated with the deformity.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on children treated for clubfoot at Children's Wisconsin from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2018.

Biomechanical Effects of Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis Design Features on 3D Correction in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Comprehensive Multicenter Study.

Study Design: Multicenter numerical study.

Objective: To biomechanically analyze and compare various passive correction features of braces, designed by several centers with diverse practices, for three-dimensional (3D) correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Summary Of Background Data: A wide variety of brace designs exist, but their biomechanical effectiveness is not clearly understood.

A Retrospective Comparison of Above- vs Below-the-Knee Cast Treatment for Salter Harris-II Distal Tibia Fractures.

Background: Distal tibia fractures are common in the pediatric patient population. Recent reports suggest that patients with closed low-energy distal tibial fractures treated with short leg casts (SLCs) have similar radiographic outcomes with improved functional outcomes compared to those treated with long leg casts (LLCs). However, to date there has not been a study comparing these treatment modalities for Salter-Harris (SH) II distal tibia fractures.

Long-term follow-up of children with a surgically treated clubfoot: Assessing the multi-segment-foot motions, dynamic plantar pressures, and functional outcomes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare surgically treated clubfoot with typically developing (TD) children using plantar pressure, multi-segment-foot kinematic analysis, and multiple functional outcomes in comprehensive and long-term study. Methods: 26 patients with 45 clubfeet and 23 TD children with 45 normal feet were evaluated. Most clubfoot patients had a complete subtalar release and a few patients had a posterior medial-lateral release at the mean age of 5 years and 6 months.

Serial CAD/CAM Bracing: An Alternative to Serial Casting for Early Onset Scoliosis.

Background: Years of casting for infantile scoliosis can lead to significantly detrimental quality of life for both the child and parents. Concerns have been raised about the long-term negative neurodevelopmental effects of repeated anesthesia on young children. We developed an elongation bending derotation brace (EBDB) that uses primarily a bending derotation force applied to the curve to achieve the same goals as the cast.

Effect of an elongation bending derotation brace on the infantile or juvenile scoliosis.

Background: A wide variety of braces are commercially available designed for the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), but very few braces for infantile scoliosis (IS) or juvenile scoliosis (JS). The goals of this study were: 1) to briefly introduce an elongation bending derotation brace (EBDB) in the treatment of IS or JS; 2) to investigate changes of Cobb angles in the AP view of X-ray between in and out of the EBDB at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; 3) to compare differences of Cobb angles (out of brace) in 3, 6, 9, and12 month with the baseline; 4) to investigate changes (out of brace) in JS and IS groups separately.

Methods: Thirty-eight patients with IS or JS were recruited retrospectively for this study.

A Pilot Study of Iyengar Yoga for Pediatric Obesity: Effects on Gait and Emotional Functioning.

Obesity negatively impacts the kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremities in children and adolescents. Although yoga has the potential to provide several distinct benefits for children with obesity, this is the first study to examine the benefits of yoga for gait (primary outcome) in youths with obesity. Secondary outcomes included health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical activity, and pain.

Current Strategies and Future Directions to Optimize ACL Reconstruction in Adolescent Patients.

The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in the pediatric population has risen in recent years. These injuries have historically presented a management dilemma in skeletally immature patients with open physes and significant growth remaining at time of injury. While those nearing skeletal maturity may be treated with traditional, transphyseal adult techniques, these same procedures risk iatrogenic damage to the growth plates and resultant growth disturbances in younger patients with open physes.

Reliability of Three-Dimensional Spinal Modeling of Patients With Idiopathic Scoliosis Using EOS System.

Study Design: Three-dimensional (3D) spinal models of children with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) were created using the EOS imaging system (EOS) and sterEOS software.

Objective: To determine the inter- or intraobserver reproducibility of the 3D spinal models in children with IS of different apex locations.

Summary Of Background Data: 3D spinal model measurements include the Cobb angle, kyphosis, lordosis, and axial vertebral rotation (AVR).

Risk Factors for Prolonged Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pediatric Sports Concussion Clinic Cohort.

Objective: To examine predictors of prolonged symptom duration from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in a pediatric sports medicine specialty clinic cohort as these predictors may be distinct in this population.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Outpatient specialty clinic.

Long-Term Effects of Orthoses Use on the Changes of Foot and Ankle Joint Motions of Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy.

Background: Orthoses commonly are prescribed to children with cerebral palsy (CP) to provide foot correction and to improve ambulatory function. Immediate effects of ankle foot orthosis (AFOs) have been investigated, but long-term kinematic effects are lacking clinical evidence.

Objective: To determine changes in 3-dimensional ankle and foot segment motion in pediatric patients with CP between initial and follow-up visits (18-month average time differences) in both barefoot gait and gait with their AFO.

Elbow Biomechanics of Pitching: Does Age or Experience Make a Difference?

Background: Elbow pain and elbow injuries are common in youth baseball players. It is not clear whether pitching experience and/or age creates biomechanical differences at the elbow and whether these differences place an athlete at greater risk.

Hypotheses: (1) Youth pitchers will have differing elbow kinematics with regard to flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, and pronation/supination when compared with nonbaseball athletes and (2) younger youth pitchers will have differing elbow kinematics when compared with older youth pitchers.

Comparison of biomechanical behavior between a cast material torso jacket and a polyethylene based jacket.

Background: Numerous designs are used to the treatment of Early Onset Scoliosis. For example, a Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral Orthosis (TLSO) is constructed using Polyethylene (PE). In addition, a series of castings has been implemented using cast material (3M, BSN Medical).

An efficient three-component synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydroacenaphtho[1,2-b]indolone derivatives catalyzed by L-proline.

An efficient and diastereoselective synthetic procedure for highly functionalized tetrahydroacenaphtho[1,2-b]indolone derivatives was successfully developed by the three-component reaction of acenaphthequinone, enaminones, and barbituric acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of L-proline. This method has the advantages of convenient operation, excellent yields, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendliness.

Future treatment strategies for cartilage repair.

This article presents the advances in cartilage repair from improvements in current therapies to promising therapies using growth factors, scaffolds, and cellular therapy. These are strategies that will likely lead to promising clinical applications.

Efficient synthesis of functionalized benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives via three-component reaction catalyzed by L-proline.

A facile and efficient one-pot procedure for the preparation of functionalized benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives by three-component reaction of 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and enaminones catalyzed by l-proline is described. This new protocol has the advantages of environmental friendliness, good yields, and convenient operation.

Foot and ankle joint movements inside orthoses for children with spastic CP.

We compared the ankle joint and foot segment kinematics of pediatric cerebral palsy (CP) participants walking with and without orthoses. A six segment foot model (6SF) was used to track foot motion. Holes were cut in the study orthoses so that electromagnetic markers could be directly placed on the skin.

The Relationship of Foot Strike Pattern, Shoe Type, and Performance in a 50-km Trail Race.

Recent "in-race" studies have observed the foot strike patterns of runners in traditional road marathon races. However, similar studies have not been conducted for trail runners, which have been estimated to account for 11% of all runners. The purpose of this study was to (a) determine the rear-foot strike (RFS) prevalence in a 50-km trail race and compare with traditional road marathon races; (b) determine if there is a relationship between foot strike and sex in a 50-km trail race; and (c) determine if there is a relationship between foot strike, shoe type, and performance in a 50-km trail race.

Development of a 3-Dimensional Back Contour Imaging System for Monitoring Scoliosis Progression in Children.

Study Design: Control study.

Objectives: To present a new surface topography system capable of taking 3-dimensional (3D) spine measurements, to establish baseline values for the measured parameters in a typically developing population, and to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility of these parameters.

Summary Of Background Data: Cumulative exposure to radiation from diagnostic radiographs increases patient risk for cancer development.

[Japanese encephalitis virus with genotype I is predominant in Sichuan Province].

Objective: To understand molecular characteristics of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) isolated from the major Japanese encephalitis epidemic areas in Sichuan Province, and to provide the foundation for JEV prevention.

Methods: 13 JEV strains were isolated from mosquitoes in Sichuan during 2007-2010, E genes and preM genes were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA5 molecular software.

Results: Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all 13 JEV strains from Sichuan belonged to genotype I, homologies at nucleotide level and deduced amino acid level in PreM gene were 97%-100% and 98.

Foot-strike pattern and performance in a marathon.

Purpose: To determine prevalence of heel strike in a midsize city marathon, if there is an association between foot-strike classification and race performance, and if there is an association between foot-strike classification and gender.

Methods: Foot-strike classification (forefoot, midfoot, heel, or split strike), gender, and rank (position in race) were recorded at the 8.1-km mark for 2112 runners at the 2011 Milwaukee Lakefront Marathon.