Stability, Inheritance, Cross-Resistance, and Fitness Cost of Resistance to λ-Cyhalothrin in .

Insecticides are commonly utilized in agriculture and forestry for pest control, but their dispersal can pose hazards to humans and environment. Understanding resistance, inheritance patterns, and fitness costs can help manage resistance. A λ-cyhalothrin-resistant population (LCR) of , a global pest of pome fruits and walnuts, was obtained through selective insecticide breeding for 15 generations, showing stable moderate resistance (23.

N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Derived 1,3,5-Trimethylenebenzene: On-Surface Synthesis and Electronic Structure.

1,3,5-Trimethylenebenzene (1,3,5-TMB), a 3-fold-symmetric triradical with a high-spin ground state, is an attractive platform for investigating the unique spin properties of π-conjugated triangular triradicals. Here, we report the on-surface synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-derived 1,3,5-TMB (N-TMB) via surface-assisted C-C and C-N coupling reactions on Au(111). The chemical and electronic structures of N-TMB on the Au(111) surface are revealed with atomic precision using scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Silver Surface-Assisted Dehydrobrominative Cross-Coupling between Identical Aryl Bromides.

Cross-coupling reactions represent an indispensable tool in chemical synthesis. An intriguing challenge in this field is to achieve selective cross-coupling between two precursors with similar reactivity or, to the limit, the identical molecules. Here we report an unexpected dehydrobrominative cross-coupling between 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene molecules on silver surfaces.

Secondary metabolites in host pears defense against two fruit borers and cytochrome-P450-mediated counter-defense.

Herbivorous insects have evolved metabolic strategies to survive the challenges posed by plant secondary metabolites (SMs). This study reports an exploration of SMs present in pears, which serve as a defense against invasive and native and their counter-defense response. The feeding preferences of fruit borers are influenced by the softening of two pear varieties as they ripen.

Quercetin stimulates an accelerated burst of oviposition-based reproductive strategy in codling moth controlled by juvenile hormone signaling pathway.

The advantageous characteristics of invasive pests, particularly their ability to reproduce and adapt to the environment, have been observed. However, it remains unclear what specific inherent superiority enables fruit pests to successfully invade and dominate in interactions with other species. In this study, we report that Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus), a notorious invasive pest of pome fruits and walnuts globally, employs unique reproductive strategies in response to quercetin, a plant compound in host fruits.

Identification of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Associated with -Cyhalothrin Detoxification in .

While previous studies have reported G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated insecticide resistance in various arthropods, the understanding of GPCR-associated resistance mechanisms in remains limited. In this study, a total of 95 genes categorized into four families were identified in . Results revealed high expression levels of the majority of the during the first larval stage and in the head of Exposure to -cyhalothrin significantly increased the expression of 15 , including , which is highly expressed in all larval stages and shows the highest expression in the midgut.

Side effects of X-ray irradiation on flight ability of Cydia pomonella moth.

Background: The sterile insect technique (SIT) has proven to be an effective approach in managing the population of major invasive pests. Our previous studies showed that irradiation of Cydia pomonella males at a dosage of 366 Gy X-rays resulted in complete sterility. However, the mating competitiveness of sterilized males is significantly compromised, which can be attributed to a decline in their ability to fly.

Unprecedented oviposition tactics avoid plant defences and reduce attack by parasitic wasps.

Female insects oviposit in sites suitable for the development of their offspring. The Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata is a serious pest of various crops including wheat and prefers to oviposit on withered leaves rather than on fresh plant material, which is surprisingly different from other insects. Studies here showed that this oviposition tactic enables avoidance of wheat defence against eggs and emerged larvae.

Transcription Factor AhR Regulates Glutathione -Transferases Conferring Resistance to -Cyhalothrin in .

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) enhances insect resistance to insecticides by regulating the detoxification network. Our previous studies have confirmed that overexpressions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and glutathione -transferases (GSTs) are involved in -cyhalothrin resistance in . Here, we report that regulates the expression of GST and P450 genes, thus conferring resistance.

Exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin and abamectin drives sublethal and transgenerational effects on the development and reproduction of Cydia pomonella.

The codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major invasive pest of pome fruits and walnuts worldwide. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and abamectin (AM) have been frequently used in C. pomonella control, but control of this pest is very difficult because shortly after hatching, larvae of this insect bore tunnels and hide inside host plant fruit.

Evolution of Br⋯Br contacts in enantioselective molecular recognition during chiral 2D crystallization.

Halogen-mediated interactions play an important role in molecular recognition and crystallization in many chemical and biological systems, whereas their effect on homochiral versus heterochiral recognition and crystallization has rarely been explored. Here we demonstrate the evolution of Br⋯Br contacts in chiral recognition during 2D crystallization. On Ag(100), type I contacts prevail at low coverage and lead to homochiral recognition and the formation of 2D conglomerates; whereas type II contacts mediating heterochiral recognition are suppressed at medium coverage and appear in the racemates induced by structural transitions at high coverage.

Aromatic Ring Fusion to Benzoporphyrin γ- Cyclodehydrogenation on a Ag(111) Surface.

Aromatic ring fusion to porphyrins and their derivatives represents an attractive route to tune the molecular conjugation and thus expand their functionalities. Here, we report the expansion of the aromatic π-system of palladium tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrins (Pd-TPTBP) surface-assisted γ- cyclodehydrogenation on Ag(111). The chemical transformation of Pd-TPTBP into different products at an elevated temperature of 600 K was revealed at the single-molecule level using bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy with a CO-functionalized tip.

Effects of X-ray irradiation on the fitness of the established invasive pest fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda.

Background: Spodoptera frugiperda has spread to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, posing a serious threat to global agriculture. We estimated the appropriate dose of X-ray sterilization for S. frugiperda using an X-ray irradiation instrument to investigate environmentally acceptable control techniques, laying the framework for future applications of sterile insect technology (SIT) to manage the pest environmentally-friendly.

Glutathione -Transferase Genes are Involved in -Cyhalothrin Resistance in via Sequestration.

Pest management is mostly accomplished by the use of insecticides. However, the overuse of insecticides has led to the development of resistance. Glutathione -transferases (GSTs) are vital detoxification enzymes involved in insecticide resistance in insects.

Insecticide resistance in the Cydia pomonella (L): Global status, mechanisms, and research directions.

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major pest of pome fruit and walnuts worldwide. Although environmentally compatible integrated control strategies, such as mating disruption, attract-kill strategy, and sterile insect technique have been conducted for management of this notorious pest, effects to control of codling moth have mainly relied on insecticides. In consequence, different levels of insecticide resistance towards organophosphates, neonicotinoids, hydrazines, benzoylureas, pyrethroids, diamides, spinosyns, avermectins, JH mimics, carbamates, oxadiazines and C.

Identification and Functional Characterization of a Sigma Glutathione S-Transferase Involved in λ-Cyhalothrin Resistance in the Codling Moth .

The codling moth, (L.), is a quarantine pest of global significance impacting pome fruits and walnuts. It has evolved resistance to many commonly used insecticides including λ-cyhalothrin.

Overexpression of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Field λ-Cyhalothrin-Resistant Population of : Reference Gene Selection and Expression Analysis.

Analysis of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression in an insecticide-resistant strain of using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction is a key step toward more mechanism studies that require suitable reference genes with stable expression. Here, nine commonly used reference genes were selected, and their expression stabilities were analyzed. Results showed that α was the most stable reference gene in all of the experimental sets.

Construction of 2D extended cocrystals on the Au(111) surface via IO halogen bonds.

2D extended organic cocrystals were constructed using 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and aromatic aldehydes via IOaldehyde halogen bonds on an Au(111) surface. The competition and synergy of halogen bonds and hydrogen bonds in 2D co-crystallization were revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy.

Consistency of postoperative pain assessments between nurses and patients undergoing enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery.

Aims And Objectives: To explore the consistency of pain intensity and pain location assessed by nurses and patients in gynaecology undergoing enhanced recovery after surgery pathway.

Background: Several studies have shown that clinical nurses' assessment of patients' pain is not always accurate. Little is known about the accuracy of nurses' pain assessments for gynaecological patients.

Yttrium vanadates based ratiometric fluorescence probe for alkaline phosphatase activity sensing.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an important biomarker for diagnosis, and the abnormal level of serum ALP is closely related to a variety of diseases. In present work, a ratiometric fluorescence probe based on hybrid nanoparticles CDs@YVO: Dy nanoparticle is introduced for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity determination. The CDs@YVO: Dy probe is constructed by the carbon dots (CDs) and YVO: Dy through a simple mixing method, in which the blue emission of CDs at 405 nm acts as the calibrated signal, the green emission of YVO: Dy at 574 nm decreased with the increasing targets ALP, and used as the output signal.

Functional characterization of a novel λ-cyhalothrin metabolizing glutathione S-transferase, CpGSTe3, from the codling moth Cydia pomonella.

Background: Recent work has shown that two codling moth (Cydia pomonella) glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTs), CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd3, can metabolize λ-cyhalothrin, one of the recommended insecticides for C. pomonella control worldwide. However, systematical characterization of delta and epsilon GSTs, especially their potential contributions in the metabolism of λ-cyhalothrin, is currently still lacking in C.

2D Co-crystallization of molecular homologues promoted by size complementarity of the alkyl chains at the liquid/solid interface.

Co-crystallization of organic molecules is an important strategy for the fabrication of molecular materials. In this contribution, we investigated the mixing behavior of 5-(benzyloxy)-isophthalic acid homologues (BIC-Cn, n = 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14) at the liquid/solid interface using a scanning tunneling microscope. Deposition of the single component of BIC-Cn always results in typical honeycomb networks, whereas co-deposition of two BIC-Cn homologues leads to hybrid double-walled honeycomb networks or phase separation depending on the difference in the length of their alkyl chains.