Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improves Spinal Cord Function After Injury in Rats by Activating Autophagy.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a global medical problem. The smallest membrane-bound nanovesicles, known as exosomes, have a role in complex intercellular communication systems and can be used directly as therapeutic agents by acting as important paracrine factors. Nevertheless, the use of exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) to treat SCI has been less, and the specific mechanism has not yet been reported.

[Seed flows of restoration succession series communities in alkaline meadow of Northeast China Songnen Plain].

After compared the source seed bank, soil seed bank, and seedling bank of the dominant species in four communities of restoration succession series in alkaline meadow of Songnen Plain, the model of seed flows was established. At early succession stage, the density of dominant source seed bank in Choris virgata community arrived its maximal value 446,182 +/- 180,455 seeds x m(-2) being 7.2 times of that in Puccinellia tenuiflora community at intermediate succession stage, 11.