Immunomodulatory Effect of Polysaccharide on RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways.

Polysaccharide is one of the principal bioactive components found in medicinal mushrooms and has been proven to enhance host immunity. However, the possible mechanism of immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide is not fully understood. Hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography were used to isolate polysaccharide from .

RNA-seq analysis reveals an immunomodulatory peptide from highland barley activating RAW264.7 macrophages via TNF/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Highland barley (HB) is an important cereal crop distributed in the plateau region. Bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from cereal proteins have shown biological functions. However, the knowledge of highland barley peptide (HBP) is limited.

Biochar-extracted liquor stimulates nitrogen related gene expression on improving nitrogen utilization in rice seedling.

Introduction: Biochar has been shown to be an effective soil amendment for promoting plant growth and improving nitrogen (N) utilization. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind such stimulation remain unclear.

Methods: In this study, we investigated whether biochar-extracted liquor including 21 organic molecules enhance the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice plants using two N forms (NH -N and NO -N).

Evaluating the Application Potential of a Recombinant Protein as Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmetics.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the application potential of a recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from (rFIP-glu). First, a recombinant plasmid pPIC9K::FIP-glu-His was transferred into for the production of protein. The protein was then to assess its free radical scavenging abilities and the effect on the viability of both human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and mouse B16-F10 melanoma cells (B16 cells) , followed by the effect on the melanin synthesis of B16 cells.

Recent advances of bioactive proteins/polypeptides in the treatment of breast cancer.

Proteins do not only serve as nutrients to fulfill the demand for food, but also are used as a source of bioactive proteins/polypeptides for regulating physical functions and promoting physical health. Female breast cancer has the highest incidence in the world and is a serious threat to women's health. Bioactive proteins/polypeptides exert strong anti-tumor effects and exhibit inhibition of multiple breast cancer cells.

Metabolome analysis reveals the toxic effects of cadmium exposure on the egg sac of spider Pardosa pseudoannulata.

The investigation of the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on rice field invertebrates has attracted accumulating attention. Spider grants a novel insight into the impacts of Cd stress on invertebrates, but the effects of Cd-induced toxicity and molecular response mechanism of related metabolites in spider's egg sacs remain elusive. This investigation found that Cd stress distinctively decreased vitellogenin (Vg) content and hatched spiderlings numbers in the egg sac of Pardosa pseudoannulata.

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals molecular responses of spider to single and combined high temperature and drought stress.

High temperature and drought are abiotic stresses restricting many arthropods' survival and growth. Wolf spiders are poikilothermic arthropods that are vital in managing insects and pests. Nonetheless, investigating changes in spiders under temperature and drought stress are limited, especially at the molecular and gene expression levels.

Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review.

Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood.

Transcriptomic analysis of cadmium toxicity and molecular response in the spiderling of Pirata subpiraticus.

Cadmium (Cd) is a kind of toxic heavy metal widely distributed in the environment, posing life-threatening challenges to organisms. The paddy field spider is a natural enemy of pests and an essential component of rice biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of Cd stress on the postembryonic development of spiders and its detailed mechanism remain to be investigated.

Recent advances in bioactive peptides from cereal-derived Foodstuffs.

Cereal-derived proteins account for a major part of human dietary protein consumption. Natural bioactive peptides (NBPs) from these proteins involve a variety of physiological activities and play an important role in the promotion of human health. This review focuses on the characteristics of NBPs obtained from cereals, and the commonly used methods for preparation, separation, purification, and identification.

-Glycosylated immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway.

The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu).

Immunostimulatory effects of the intracellular polysaccharides isolated from liquid culture of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycetes) on RAW264.7 cells via the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Chinese Cordyceps (DongChong XiaCao), a parasitic complex of a fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis and a caterpillar, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Polysaccharides extracted from O. sinensis have immunomodulatory effects on macrophages.

Statistical Optimization of Polysaccharides Production by the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) in Solid-State Fermentation Using Highland Barley Grains.

Ganoderma lucidum is a widely used medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine that creates a diverse set of bioactive compounds. Highland barley, a typical nutrition-balanced crop, is not convenient for direct consumption but its nutritional characteristics meet the modern requirements of health food. In the present study, barley grains were used as substrates on solid-state fermentation (SSF) of G.

Optimization of the fermentation parameters for the production of immunomodulatory protein by .

In order to obtain a better fermentation parameter for the production of recombinant immunomodulatory protein (rFIP-glu), an engineered GS115 was investigated on the fermentation time, temperature, methanol concentration and initial pH of media, while immunomodulatory activities of the rFIP-glu was confirmed. L(3) orthogonal experiment were firstly employed to optimize various fermentation parameters in the shake-flask level. The optimized fermentation parameters were subsequently verified in a 5 L fermenter.

Ganoderma proteins and their potential applications in cosmetics.

Ganoderma have been regarded as a traditional source of natural bioactive compounds for centuries and have recently been exploited for potential components in the cosmetics industry. Besides Ganoderma polysaccharides and triterpenes, multiple proteins have been found in Ganoderma. With the in-depth study of these proteins, various pharmacological functions of Ganoderma have become important in the discovery and development of new products.

Immunomodulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein via PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells.

Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu) is an active ingredient with potential immunoregulatory functions. The study was conducted to explore the immunomodulatory activities of recombinant FIP-glu (rFIP-glu) and its possible mechanism in macrophage RAW264.7 cells.

Composition and predictive functional analysis of bacterial communities inhabiting Chinese Cordyceps insight into conserved core microbiome.

Background: Over the past few decades, most attention to Chinese Cordyceps-associated endogenous microorganism was focused on the fungal community that creates critical bioactive components. Bacterial community associated with Chinese Cordyceps has been previously described; however, most studies were only presenting direct comparisons in the Chinese Cordyceps and its microenvironments. In the current study, our objectives were to reveal the bacterial community structure composition and predict their function.

Cloning and Characterization of Promoters of the Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein Genes from Ganoderma spp. (Agaricomycetes) and Their Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid.

Ganoderma mushrooms for medicinal use contain various bioactive compounds, but the genetic elements available for these medicinal mushrooms are still limited. In this study we cloned and analyzed the promoters of fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) genes from G. lucidum and G.

Expression and characteristics of manganese peroxidase from Ganoderma lucidum in Pichia pastoris and its application in the degradation of four dyes and phenol.

Background: Manganese peroxidase (MnP) of white rot basidiomycetes, an extracellular heme enzyme, is part of a peroxidase superfamily that is capable of degrading the different phenolic compounds. Ganoderma, a white rot basidiomycete widely distributed worldwide, could secrete lignin-modifying enzymes (LME), including laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidases (LiP) and MnP.

Results: After the selection of a G.

High-throughput sequencing-based analysis of endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting the Chinese Cordyceps reveals unexpectedly high fungal diversity.

Chinese Cordyceps, known in Chinese as "DongChong XiaCao", is a parasitic complex of a fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) and a caterpillar. The current study explored the endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting Chinese Cordyceps. Samples were collected from five different geographical regions of Qinghai and Tibet, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences from each sample were obtained using Illumina high-throughput sequencing.

Pyrosequencing analysis revealed complex endogenetic microorganism community from natural DongChong XiaCao and its microhabitat.

Background: Ophiocordyceps sinensis (DongChong XiaCao (DCXC) in Chinese), a fungal parasite of caterpillars, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Bioactive components isolated from natural DCXC possess a wide range of pharmacological actions. Many efforts have been directed towards isolating the fungi based on culture-dependent methods for investigation of fungal diversity in order to determine the anamorph of natural DCXC and find new medicinal fungi resources, and the results have been varied.

Recombinant FIP-gat, a Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein from Ganoderma atrum, Induces Growth Inhibition and Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells.

FIP-gat, an immunomodulatory protein isolated from Ganoderma atrum, is a new member of the FIP family. Little is known, however, about its expressional properties and antitumor activities. It was availably expressed in Escherichia coli with a total yield of 29.

Investigation and analysis of microbiological communities in natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a fungus that parasitizes caterpillars, and more than 30 species of filamentous fungi have been isolated from its fruiting body. However, its microbiological diversity remains unclear. Based on the clone library and quantitative PCR techniques, the bacterial flora and mycobiota of 3 different samples (larva, stromata/sclerotia, and surface soil) from natural O.