Cinobufagin enhances the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine through Th1 immune response.

Cinobufagin (CBG), one active ingredient isolated from Venenum Bufonis, has been demonstrated to have immunoregulatory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CBG can enhance the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated Salmonella typhimurium (FIST) in mice. ICR mice were immunized with FIST (10 CFU/mouse) alone or mixed with CBG (10, 20, and 40 μg) or alum (200 μg) on day 1 and day 15.

Autoinducer-2 of quorum sensing is involved in cell damage caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections are responsible for great losses in the poultry industry. Quorum sensing (QS) acts as a global regulatory system that controls genes involved in bacterial pathogenesis, metabolism and protein biosynthesis. However, whether QS of APEC is related to cell damage has not been elucidated.

Subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin repress the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium and protect against Salmonella typhimurium infection.

Phloretin, a natural component of many fruits, exhibits anti-virulence effects and provides a new alternative to counter bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin on the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. At concentrations where growth of Salmonella was not inhibited, phloretin significantly inhibited bacteria biofilm formation and motility.