Recent Advances in the Specialized Metabolites Mediating Resistance to Insect Pests and Pathogens in Tea Plants ().

Tea is the second most popular nonalcoholic beverage consumed in the world, made from the buds and young leaves of the tea plants (). Tea trees, perennial evergreen plants, contain abundant specialized metabolites and suffer from severe herbivore and pathogen attacks in nature. Thus, there has been considerable attention focusing on investigating the precise function of specialized metabolites in plant resistance against pests and diseases.

Recent Progress Regarding Jasmonates in Tea Plants: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Function in Stress Responses.

Tea plants have to adapt to frequently challenging environments due to their sessile lifestyle and perennial evergreen nature. Jasmonates regulate not only tea plants' responses to biotic stresses, including herbivore attack and pathogen infection, but also tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as extreme weather conditions and osmotic stress. In this review, we summarize recent progress about jasmonaic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways, as well as the underlying mechanisms mediated by jasmontes in tea plants in responses to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses.

Exogenous Application of Gallic Acid Induces the Direct Defense of Tea Plant Against Caterpillars.

Gallic acid (GA), an important polyphenolic compound in the plant, is a well-known antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and anti-lipid peroxidative agent. Recently, GA treatment exhibited ameliorative effects on plants in response to some abiotic stresses. However, the elicitation effect of GA on plant defense against herbivorous insects has not yet been reported.

Biological evidences for successive oogenesis and egg-laying of Matsumurasca onukii.

Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important horticultural cash crops, and tea green leafhopper (Matsumurasca onukii) is an extremely harmful sap-sucking pest of tea plant. Serious generation overlapping, which is mainly caused by the long oviposition period, leads to poor control effect of pesticides on this pest in the tea plantation. But the intuitive evidences of continuous oogenesis and egg-laying of this pest are still lacking, which seriously hindered the development of genetic control methods.

A novel inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway represses herbivore resistance in tea plants.

The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays a vital role in mediating plant resistance to herbivores. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important woody cash crops in the world. Due to the lack of genetic transformation systems for tea plants, how the JA signaling pathway works in tea plants has not yet been determined.

The Laccase Gene Family Mediate Multi-Perspective Trade-Offs during Tea Plant () Development and Defense Processes.

Laccase (LAC) plays important roles in different plant development and defense processes. In this study, we identified laccase genes (s) in cv 'Longjing43' cultivars, which were classified into six subclades. The expression patterns of s displayed significant spatiotemporal variations across different tissues and developmental stages.

(+)-Catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate are important inducible defensive compounds against Ectropis grisescens in tea plants.

The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an economically important, perennial woody plant rich in catechins.

Genome-Wide Identification of the Tify Gene Family and Their Expression Profiles in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Tea Plants ().

The TIFY family is a plant-specific gene family that is involved in regulating a variety of plant processes, including developmental and defense responses. The chromosome-level genome of the tea plant () has recently been released, but a comprehensive view of the TIFY family in (the genes) is lacking. The current study performed an extensive genome-wide identification of genes.

Indole primes defence signalling and increases herbivore resistance in tea plants.

Upon herbivore attack, plants emit herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs can prime defences and resistance of intact plants. However, how HIPVs are decoded and translated into functional defence responses is not well understood, especially in long-lived woody plants.

JA-Ile-macrolactone 5b Induces Tea Plant () Resistance to Both Herbivore and Pathogen .

Jasmonates (JAs), the group of lipid-derived hormones, were found to control the defense responses in a myriad of plants. Meaningfully, the macrolactones of 12-hydroxy jasmonate isoleucine (12OH-JA-Ile) were reported to induce the defensive response of wild tobacco. However, little to nothing has been known about the elicitation effect of JA-Ile-macrolactones on woody plants to harmful organisms, let alone its underlying mechanisms.

Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plants under differential biotic stresses.

The selection of reliable reference genes (RGs) for normalization under given experimental conditions is necessary to develop an accurate qRT-PCR assay. To the best of our knowledge, only a small number of RGs have been rigorously identified and used in tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O.

The Jasmonic Acid Pathway Positively Regulates the Polyphenol Oxidase-Based Defense against Tea Geometrid Caterpillars in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis).

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) as inducible defense proteins, contribute to tea (Camellia sinensis) resistance against tea geometrid larvae (Ectropis grisescens), and this resistance has been associated with the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling by testing geometrid performance in our previous work. However, the regulation of PPO-based defense by JA and other hormone signaling underlying these defense responses is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of phytohormones in regulating the PPO response to tea geometrids.

Estimates of pollutant temporal and spatial variability in commercial buildings from the joint urban 2003 field experiments.

In this paper, we report on the indoor concentrations from a suite of full-scale outdoor tracer-gas point releases conducted in the downtown area of Oklahoma City in 2003. A point release experiment consisted of releases of sulfur hexafluoride (SF ) in multiple buildings and from different outdoor locations. From the measurements, we are able to estimate the concentration variations indoors for a building operating under "typical" operating conditions.

Immune protection provided by a precocious line trivalent vaccine against rabbit Eimeria.

A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of vaccinated rabbits with different doses of oocysts (5 × 10, 1 × 10, 1 × 10, and 5 × 10) of a precocious line, including Eimeria magna, E. intestinalis or E. media following the challenge with their corresponding parent strains.

Tempol Protects Against Acetaminophen Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis.

Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol) on the protection of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Mice were pretreated with a single dose of tempol (20 mg/kg per day) orally for 7 days.

The involvement of a herbivore-induced acyl-CoA oxidase gene, CsACX1, in the synthesis of jasmonic acid and its expression in flower opening in tea plant (Camellia sinensis).

The biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in plant peroxisomes requires the action of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX; EC 1.3.3.

One-step pathway to selenoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-imine derivatives through highly selective selenocyclization of olefinic amides with benzeneselenyl chloride.

A 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) catalyzed selenocyclization of olefinic amides was achieved under mild reaction conditions.

n-Pentacosane Acts as both Contact and Volatile Pheromone in the tea Weevil, Myllocerinus aurolineatus.

Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play important roles in chemical communication, as well as having ecological and physiological roles. The use of CHCs for mate recognition has been shown in many insect genera, but little is known about their use in the tea weevil Myllocerinus aurolineatus. Here, we provide evidence that CHCs on the surface of sexually mature M.

A putative 12-oxophytodienoate reductase gene CsOPR3 from Camellia sinensis, is involved in wound and herbivore infestation responses.

12-Oxophytodienoate reductase (OPR) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), which plays an important role in plant defense responses. Although multiple isoforms of OPRs have been identified in various annual herbaceous plants, genes encoding these enzymes in perennial woody plants have yet to be fully investigated. In the tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.

Genotoxic evaluation of aspirin eugenol ester using the Ames test and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.

Aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a promising drug candidate for treatment of inflammation, pain and fever and prevention of cardiovascular diseases with less side effects and it is important to characterize its genotoxicity. In this study, the genotoxicity of AEE was assessed with two standard genotoxicity assays of the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test) and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. In the Ames test, Salmonella strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 were treated with or without the metabolic activation with a S9 fraction from Acroclor-induced rat liver.

Regurgitant derived from the tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua suppresses wound-induced polyphenol oxidases activity in tea plants.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have been reported to play an important role in protecting plants from attack by herbivores. However, little is known about their role in tea. Here, we investigated the effect of PPOs on interactions between tea plants and the tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua, one of the most important insect pests of tea.

Identification and expression profiles of nine glutathione S-transferase genes from the important rice phloem sap-sucker and virus vector Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

Background: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have received considerable attention in insects for their roles in insecticide resistance. Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is a serious rice pest. L.