Endophytic Fungi-Mediated Defense Signaling in Maize: Unraveling the Role of WRKY36 in Regulating Immunity against Spodoptera frugiperda.

Seed priming with beneficial endophytic fungi is an emerging sustainable strategy for enhancing plant resistance against insect pests. This study examined the effects of Beauvaria bassiana Bb20091317 and Metarhizium rileyi MrCDTLJ1 fungal colonization on maize growth, defence signalling, benzoxazinoid levels and gene expression. The colonization did not adversely affect plant growth but reduced larval weights of Spodoptera frugiperda.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome Characterization of (Insecta: Erebidae: Hypenodinae) and Its Phylogenetic Implication.

The pinion-streaked snout is a new potato pest that has recently been recorded in China. In this study, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of . The results revealed the mitogenome (GenBank: OQ181231) to occur as a circular DNA molecule of 16,376 bp with 51.

Crystalline Unipolymer Monolayer with High Modulus and Conductivity.

The synthesis of crystalline polymer with a well-defined orientated state and a two-dimensional crystalline size beyond a micrometer will be essential to achieve the highest physical feature of polymer material but remain challenging. Herein, we show the synthesis of the crystalline unipolymer monolayer with an unusual ultrahigh modulus that is higher than the ITO substrate and high conductance by simultaneous electrosynthesis and manipulation. We find that the polymer monolayer has fully extended in the vertical and unidirectional orientation, which is proposed to approach their theoretically highest density, modulus, and conductivity among all aggregation formations of the current polymer.

Comparative mitogenome analysis reveals mitochondrial genome characteristics in eight strains of .

Despite the significant progress that has been made in the genome sequencing of species, mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) used to examine genetic diversity within fungal populations. Complete mitogenomes of species can be easily sequenced and assembled using various sequencing techniques. However, since mitogenome annotations are mainly derived from similar species comparison and software prediction, and are not supported by RNA-seq transcripts data, it leads to problems with the accuracy of mitochondrial annotations and the inability to understand RNA processing.

Complete mitochondrial genome of (Zhou, 2020) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

The genus is a small arboreal group of darkling beetles that are endemic to the Oriental region. The complete mitochondrial genome of the population from the Manwan Town was first characterized. The mitogenome consisted of a circular DNA molecule of 15,662 bp with a 66.

An adaptive kernel smoothing method for classifying Austrosimulium tillyardianum (Diptera: Simuliidae) larval instars.

In insects, the frequency distribution of the measurements of sclerotized body parts is generally used to classify larval instars and is characterized by a multimodal overlap between instar stages. Nonparametric methods with fixed bandwidths, such as histograms, have significant limitations when used to fit this type of distribution, making it difficult to identify divisions between instars. Fixed bandwidths have also been chosen somewhat subjectively in the past, which is another problem.