Increasing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen removal efficiencies of surface-flow constructed wetlands in macrophyte-dominant seasons by adding artificial macrophytes.

The objective was to test the effectiveness of a new strategy, i.e., adding artificial macrophytes (AMs) to surface-flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) planted with emergent macrophytes (EMs), to improve COD and N removal efficiencies (REs) at the pilot scale.