Immune pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: from etiology toward therapeutic approaches.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a noncancerous, chronic inflammatory disorder of breast with unknown causes, posing significant challenges to the quality of life due to its high refractoriness and local aggressiveness. The typical symptoms of this disease involve skin redness, a firm and tender breast mass and mastalgia; others may include swelling, fistula, abscess (often without fever), nipple retraction, and peau d'orange appearance. IGM often mimics breast abscesses or malignancies, particularly inflammatory breast cancer, and is characterized by absent standardized treatment options, inconsistent patient response and unknown mechanism.

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Transcriptomic Analysis to Advance Cancer Immunotherapy.

The emergence of immunotherapy has dramatically changed the cancer treatment paradigm and generated tremendous promise in precision medicine. However, cancer immunotherapy is greatly limited by its low response rates and immune-related adverse events. Transcriptomics technology is a promising tool for deciphering the molecular underpinnings of immunotherapy response and therapeutic toxicity.

Application of artificial intelligence to the public health education.

With the global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), public health has received unprecedented attention. The cultivation of emergency and compound professionals is the general trend through public health education. However, current public health education is limited to traditional teaching models that struggle to balance theory and practice.

Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Medical Imaging.

The heavy global burden and mortality of breast cancer emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Imaging detection is one of the main tools used in clinical practice for screening, diagnosis, and treatment efficacy evaluation, and can visualize changes in tumor size and texture before and after treatment. The overwhelming number of images, which lead to a heavy workload for radiologists and a sluggish reporting period, suggests the need for computer-aid detection techniques and platform.

Artificial intelligence-based multi-omics analysis fuels cancer precision medicine.

With biotechnological advancements, innovative omics technologies are constantly emerging that have enabled researchers to access multi-layer information from the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and more. A wealth of omics technologies, including bulk and single-cell omics approaches, have empowered to characterize different molecular layers at unprecedented scale and resolution, providing a holistic view of tumor behavior. Multi-omics analysis allows systematic interrogation of various molecular information at each biological layer while posing tricky challenges regarding how to extract valuable insights from the exponentially increasing amount of multi-omics data.

Microbiota and their metabolites potentiate cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic target or resource for small molecule drug discovery?

Increasing evidence has proved that microbiota is not only the target of small molecule drugs but also an underexplored resource for developing small molecule drugs. Meanwhile, microbiota as a critical modulator of the immune system impacts the efficacy and toxicity of cancer immunotherapy. Harnessing microbiota or developing microbiota-derived medications provide novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance to cancer immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

The current landscape of predictive and prognostic biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade in ovarian cancer.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has evoked a prominent shift in anticancer therapy. Durable clinical antitumor activity to ICB has been observed in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). However, only a subset of patients derive clinical benefit, and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) caused by ICB therapy can lead to permanent tissue damage and even fatal consequences.

Tissue-specific transcriptomic analysis uncovers potential roles of natural antisense transcripts in heat stress response.

Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are an important class of non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that have been shown to regulate gene expression. Using strand-specific RNA sequencing, 36,317 NAT pairs were identified, and 5,536 were specifically expressed under heat stress. We found distinct expression patterns between vegetative and reproductive tissues for both coding genes and genes encoding NATs.

Combinatorial Strategies With PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Breast Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes.

As an emerging antitumor strategy, immune checkpoint therapy is one of the most promising anticancer therapies due to its long response duration. Antibodies against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis have been extensively applied to various cancers and have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy. Nevertheless, a poor response to monotherapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 has been observed in metastatic breast cancer.

Single-Cell Metabolomics in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Malignancies.

Aberrant metabolism contributes to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Metabolic dysregulation has emerged as a hallmark of several hematologic malignancies. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying metabolic rewiring in hematological malignancies would provide promising avenues for novel therapeutic interventions.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling unravels the adenoma-initiation role of protein tyrosine kinases during colorectal tumorigenesis.

The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is a well-accepted roadmap for the development of sporadic colorectal cancer. However, cellular heterogeneity in aberrant epithelial cells limits our understanding of carcinogenesis in colorectal tissues. Here, we performed a single-cell RNA sequencing survey of 54,788 cells from patient-matched tissue samples, including blood, normal tissue, para-cancer, polyp, and colorectal cancer.

Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals Alternative Splicing Characteristics Associated With Immune-Related Adverse Events Elicited by Checkpoint Immunotherapy.

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can impair the effectiveness and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and restrict the clinical applications of ICIs in oncology. The predictive biomarkers of irAE are urgently required for early diagnosis and subsequent management. The exact mechanism underlying irAEs remains to be fully elucidated, and the availability of predictive biomarkers is limited.

Comprehensive analysis of aberrant alternative splicing related to carcinogenesis and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer.

As a key mechanism, alternative splicing (AS) plays a role in the cancer initiation and development. However, in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), data for the comprehensive AS event profile and its clinical implications are lacking. Herein, a genome-wide AS event profiling using RNA-Seq data and its correlation with matched clinical information was performed using a 389 PTC patient cohort from the project of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

The Evolution of Acquired Resistance to BRAF kinase inhibitor Is Sustained by IGF1-Driven Tumor Vascular Remodeling.

As a hallmark of cancer, angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. However, the correlation between angiogenesis and the evolution of BRAF kinase inhibitor‒acquired resistance is still poorly understood. In this study, we reported that the molecular signatures of angiogenesis were enriched in early on-treated biopsies but not in disease-progressed biopsies.

Genome assembly of the Chinese maize elite inbred line RP125 and its EMS mutant collection provide new resources for maize genetics research and crop improvement.

Maize is an important crop worldwide, as well as a valuable model with vast genetic diversity. Accurate genome and annotation information for a wide range of inbred lines would provide valuable resources for crop improvement and pan-genome characterization. In this study, we generated a high-quality de novo genome assembly (contig N50 of 15.

Long Non-coding RNA BTG3-7:1 and JUND Co-regulate to Promote Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progress.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of highly invasive breast cancer with poor prognosis. Recently, massive data reveal that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer progress. Recently, although the role of lncRNAs in breast cancer has been well documented, few focused on TNBC.

Management of Adverse Events in Cancer Patients Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade: Focus on Asian Populations.

The interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) induces exhaustions of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, which facilitates tumor immune evasion. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, which prevents the receptors and ligands from binding to each other, disrupts the T-cell exhaustion signaling, thereby increasing antitumor immunity. Inspiringly, it has revolutionized the treatment of many different types of cancers including non-small-cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and so on.

Transcription Factors Responding to Pb Stress in Maize.

Pb can damage the physiological function of human organs by entering the human body via food-chain enrichment. Revealing the mechanisms of maize tolerance to Pb is critical for preventing this. In this study, a Pb-tolerant maize inbred line, 178, was used to analyse transcription factors (TFs) expressed under Pb stress based on RNA sequencing data.

A General Strategy Toward Highly Fluorogenic Bioprobes Emitting across the Visible Spectrum.

A general approach toward highly fluorogenic probes across the visible spectrum for various analytes offers significant potential for engineering a wide range of bioprobes with diverse sensing and imaging functions. Here we show a facile and general strategy that involves introducing a new fluorogenic mechanism in boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes, based on the principle of stimuli-triggered dramatic reduction in the electron-withdrawing capabilities of the meso-substituents of BODIPYs. The fluorogenic mechanism has been demonstrated to be applicable in various BODIPYs with emission maxima ranging from green to far red (509, 585, and 660 nm), and the synthetic strategy allows access to a panel of highly fluorogenic bioprobes for various biomolecules and enzymes (HO, HS, and protease) via introducing specific triggering motifs.

TLR2 promotes macrophage recruitment and Streptococcus pneumoniae clearance during mouse otitis media.

Background: The natural course of otitis media (OM) in most children is acute and self-limiting; however, approximately 10-20% of children can experience persistent or recurrent OM. Determining the host factors that influence outcome of OM will help us design better therapies. This study focused on the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in a pneumococcal OM mouse model.

Genome-wide analysis of transcription factors involved in maize embryonic callus formation.

In this study, a maize inbred line with a strong capacity to induce embryonic callus, 18-599R, was used to analyze the transcription factors expressed during embryonic callus formation. A total of 1180 transcription factors were found to be expressed during three key stages of callus induction. Of these, compared with control, 361, 346 and 328 transcription factors were significantly downregulated during stages I, II and III, respectively.