Saliva of (Drepanosiphidae) Activates the SA Plant Hormone Pathway, Inhibits the JA Plant Hormone Pathway, and Improves Aphid Survival Rate.

The spotted alfalfa aphid () is a kind of destructive pest of cultivated alfalfa () that results in significant financial losses for the livestock sector. To understand how navigates the biochemical defenses of its host, we investigated the effects of susceptible and resistant aphid strains on two alfalfa cultivars. was reared for over 50 generations on two cultivars-WL343, which is susceptible to , and Zhongmu No.

Molecular identification and related functional characterization of the FKBP52 gene in immunity of Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae).

Metarhizium anisopliae is an important class of entomopathogenic fungi used for the biocontrol of insects, but its virulence is affected by insect immunity. We identified a novel FK506 binding protein gene that was differentially expressed between control and Metarhizium-treated Locusta migratoria manilensis. We hypothesized that this protein played an important role in Metarhizium infection of L.

LmFKBP24 interacts with LmEaster to inhibit the antifungal immunity of Locusta migratoria.

Locusta migratoria is one of the most destructive pests that threaten crop growth and food production security in China. Metarhizium anisopliae has been widely used to control locusts around the world. Previous laboratory studies have revealed that LmFKBP24 is significantly upregulated after M.

Identification, characterization and spatiotemporal expression analysis of the FKBP family genes in Locusta migratoria.

FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) are a highly-conserved group of proteins known to bind to FK506, an immunosuppressive drug. They play different physiological roles, including transcription regulation, protein folding, signal transduction and immunosuppression. A number of FKBP genes have been identified in eukaryotes; however, very little information about these genes has been reported in Locusta migratoria.

The Conserved Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein MaCFEM85 Interacts with MsWAK16 to Activate Plant Defenses.

is an entomopathogenic fungus which may enhance plant growth and resistance when acting as an endophyte in host plants. However, little is known about the protein interactions nor their activating mechanisms. Common in fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) proteins have been identified as plant immune regulators that suppress or activate plant resistance responses.

Bioinformatics Analysis and Functional Characterization of the CFEM Proteins of .

The entomopathogen is a facultative rhizosphere or endophytic fungus available for managing pests and improving plant growth. The CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane) proteins form a unique group in fungi but are rarely reported in entomopathogens. In this study, we cloned and identified 13 CFEM genes from (MaCFEMs).

An Analysis of the Possible Migration Routes of Bey-Bienko (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Mongolia to China.

(Bey-Bienko) is a destructive pest in grasslands and adjacent farmland in northern China, Mongolia, and other countries in Asia. It has been supposed that this insect pest can migrate a long distance and then induce huge damages, however, the migration mechanism is still unrevealed. The current study uses insect light trap data from Yanqing (Beijing), together with regional meteorological data to determine how air flow contributes to the long-distance migration of .

Synergy in Efficacy of Crude Extract and on Resistant .

In order to explore the synergistic control effect of crude extracts of and on , we used different doses of and crude extracts of singly and in combination, to determine their toxicities to fourth instar . The results showed that the combination of 10% crude extract of with 10 and 10 spores/g concentrations and the combination of 20% crude extract of with 10 and 10 spores/g concentrations had significant effects on the mortality, body weight gain, body length gain, growth rate, and overall performance of than those of the crude extract of and alone. Among them, the 20% crude extract mixed with 10 spores/g and 10% crude extract combined with 10 spores/g , had the best control efficacy.

Antagonism between PTP1B and PTK Mediates Adults' Insulin-Like Signaling Regulation of Egg Diapause in the Migratory Locust.

Diapause is a physiological development arrest state that helps insects to adapt to seasonality and overcome adverse environmental conditions. Numerous reports have indicated that insulinlike and fork head transcription factor (FOXO) are involved in the regulation of diapause in insects. However, the upstream modulators of the insulin-like signaling pathway (ISP) involved in diapause regulation are still unknown.

The Function of in Diapause Regulation in Through the Insulin Signaling Pathway.

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), are cysteine-dependent peroxide reductases that group into six structurally discernable classes: AhpC-Prx1, BCP-PrxQ, Prx5, Prx6, Tpx, and AhpE. A previous study showed that forkhead box protein O (FOXO) in the insulin signaling pathway (ISP) plays a vital role in regulating locust diapause by phosphorylation, which can be promoted by the high level of ROS. Furthermore, the analysis of transcriptome between diapause and non-diapause phenotypes showed that one of the Prxs, LmPrx6, which belongs to the Prx6 class, was involved.

Migratory Take-Off Behaviour of the Mongolian Grasshopper .

is one of the dominant species of grasshoppers in the rangeland on the Mongolian plateau, and a serious pest, but its migratory behavior is poorly known. We investigated the take-off behavior of migratory in field cages in the inner Mongolia region of northern China. The species shows a degree of density-dependent phase polyphenism, with high-density swarming populations characterized by a brown morph, while low-density populations are more likely to comprise a green morph.

Transcriptomic Analysis Following Artificial Selection for Grasshopper Size.

We analyzed the transcriptomes of grasshoppers after 8 years of artificial selection for either long or short thoraces. Evolution proceeded rapidly during the experiment, with a 13.3% increase and a 32.

Serpin7 controls egg diapause of migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) by regulating polyphenol oxidase.

Diapause is a state of arrested growth, which allows insects to adapt to diverse environments. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) play an important role in various physiological processes, including blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, development, complement activation and extracellular matrix remodeling. We hypothesized that serpin may affect energy metabolism and thereby control diapause of migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) embryos by regulating protease cascades.

Functional identification of an FMRFamide-related peptide gene on diapause induction of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria L.

FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are a type of neuropeptide, which participate in a variety of physiological processes in insects. Previous study showed that myosuppressin, being a member of FaRPs, initiated pupal diapause in Mamestra brassicae. We presumed that FaRPs genes might play a critical role in photoperiodic diapause induction of L.

Plant composition changes in a small-scale community have a large effect on the performance of an economically important grassland pest.

Background: The grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus Bey-Bienko (Acrididae: Oedipodinae) is a dominant and economically important pest that is widely distributed across the Mongolian plateau. This herbivore pest causes major damage to the grassland of the Inner Mongolian steppe in China. The population dynamics of herbivore pests is affected by grassland management practices (e.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Profiles of Central Nervous System in Maternal Diapause Induction of .

Egg diapause in L. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) is believed to be influenced by maternal photoperiod. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the phenomenon of maternal diapause induction is unclear.

Molecular identification and diapause-related functional characterization of a novel dual-specificity kinase gene, MPKL, in Locusta migratoria.

Diapause is an important overwintering strategy enabling Locusta migratoria to survive under stressed conditions. We identified a novel dual-specificity kinase gene that is differentially expressed between long and short day-treated L. migratoria.

Novel Genes Play Potential Role in Promoting Egg Diapause of L.

Diapause hormone (DH) neuropeptides in insects are produced by the genes belonging to family. Previous studies show that DH contains a conserved sequence of WFGPRXa that plays vital role in diapause regulation of some Lepidopteran species. However, the function of DH in other species is still unknown.

Understanding the genetic mechanism of resistance in aphid-treated alfalfa ( L.) through proteomic analysis.

To minimize dependency on chemical pesticides, plant breeders are trying to emphasize on important agricultural pests for the development of pest resistant cultivars. However, the molecular approach and associated genetic tools conferring resistance have not been widely studied. In the current study, proteomic analysis of two of the alfalfa cultivars viz.

Inhibitory Effects of Plant Trypsin Inhibitors and on (Monell) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Alfalfa.

The spotted alfalfa aphid ( (Monell)) is a known destructive pest that can significantly reduce alfalfa yields. Two differentially up-regulated alfalfa trypsin inhibitors '' and '' in transcriptome were verified in terms of their mRNA levels using RT-qPCR. The prokaryotic expression vector was constructed and its biological functions, including phenotypic and physiological responses, were verified through feeding spotted alfalfa aphids with active recombinant protein mixed with an artificial diet.

Dietary Stress From Plant Secondary Metabolites Contributes to Grasshopper () Migration or Plague by Regulating Insect Insulin-Like Signaling Pathway.

Diets essentially affect the ecological distribution of insects, and may contribute to or even accelerate pest plague outbreaks. The grasshopper, B-Bienko (OA), is a persistent pest occurring in northern Asian grasslands. Migration and plague of this grasshopper is tightly related to two specific food plants, Roshev and (Trin.

Influence of Metarhizium anisopliae (IMI330189) and Mad1 protein on enzymatic activities and Toll-related genes of migratory locust.

Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae strain (IMI330189) and Mad1 protein alone or in combination by feeding method to overcome immune-related enzymes and Toll-like pathway genes was investigated in migratory locust. M. anisopliae (IMI330189) is a potent and entomopathogenic fungal strain could be effectively used against insect pests.

Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Potential Mechanisms of the Maternal Effect on Egg Diapause Induction of .

Photoperiod is one of the most important maternal factors with an impact on the offspring diapause induction of . Previous studies have shown that forkhead box protein O (FOXO) plays an important role in regulating insect diapause, but how photoperiod stimulates maternal migratory locusts to regulate the next generation of egg diapause through the FOXO signaling pathway still needs to be addressed. In this study, the transcriptomes of ovaries and fat bodies of adult locusts under a long and short photoperiod were obtained.

Quercetin Affects the Growth and Development of the Grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that help plants resist insect attack, but pest insects have evolved enzymes that reduce the toxicity of these secondary metabolites. We studied the response of the grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus Bey-Bienko fed different concentrations of quercetin, a representative flavonoid. Oedaleus asiaticus growth (survival rate and growth rate) was significantly reduced at high quercetin concentrations.