Smartphone as an alternative to measure chlorophyll-a concentration in small waterbodies.

Monitoring chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a, μg·L) in aquatic ecosystems has attracted much attention due to its direct link to harmful algal blooms. However, there has been a lack of a cost-effective method for measuring Chl-a in small waterbodies. Inspired by the increase of smartphone photography, a Smartphone-based convolutional neural networks (CNN) framework (SCCA) was developed to estimate Chl-a in Aquatic ecosystem.