Does Linear or Spot Injection Technique Matter in Upper Face Botulinum Toxin Type A Application? A Split-Face Randomized Trial.

Background: Although the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) has been shown to vary depending on injection layer, reconstitution volume, and BoNTA formulation, the effect of injection pattern has rarely been mentioned. The authors compared the therapeutic effects in patients treated with BoNTA with retrograde linear and traditional spot injection techniques.

Methods: Twenty-eight participants were enrolled in a split-face, patient-blinded randomized clinical trial.

Unparallel improvement patterns of dynamic wrinkles and skin quality after botulinum toxin type A treatment on the upper face.

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) can not only reduce the dynamic wrinkles but also improve the skin quality. This study aims to quantitaively and comprehensively assess the improvement of dynamic wrinkles and skin quality following BoNT-A treatment on the upper face.

Methods: Patients were recruited to receive BoNT-A treatment of the glabellar, frontal, and lateral periorbital wrinkles.

Gut microbiota regulates chronic ethanol exposure-induced depressive-like behavior through hippocampal NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation.

Chronic ethanol exposure (CEE), which can lead to neuroinflammation, is an increasing risk factor for depression disorder, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. Recent observations have revealed the associations among psychiatric disorders, ethanol exposure and alterations of the gut microbiota. Here, we found that CEE induced depressive-like behavior, which could be alleviated by probiotics and transferred from donor to recipient mice by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Chronic ethanol exposure induced anxiety-like behaviour by altering gut microbiota and GABA system.

Ethanol, also known as alcohol, is one of the most common drinks in the world. Chronic ethanol exposure has been reported to induce mental disorders. Ethanol also has a strong effect on the gut microbiota.

AMPAkine CX516 alleviated chronic ethanol exposure-induced neurodegeneration and depressive-like behavior in mice.

Chronic ethanol exposure (CEE) is associated with greater neurodegenerative effects and an increased risk of depression disorder. The AMPAR is thought to be involved in depression and a reduction in its GluA1 subunit was observed in the mouse hippocampus after CEE. AMPAkines are positive allosteric modulators of the AMPA receptor and have improved depressive-like behavior.

Chronic ethanol exposure induced depressive-like behavior in male C57BL/6 N mice by downregulating GluA1.

Chronic ethanol exposure can increase the risk of depression. The α-amino-3‑hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor is a key factor in depression and its treatment. The study was conducted to investigate the depressive-like behavior induced by chronic ethanol exposure in mice and to explore the mechanism in cells.

NCX3 alleviates ethanol-induced apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells via the elimination of intracellular calcium ions.

Long-term alcohol intake may cause nerve cell apoptosis and induce various encephalopathies. Previously, we have shown that the expression of Na/Ca exchanger 3 (NCX3) was associated with the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and apoptosis, involved in the spatial memory impairment in male C57BL/6 mice with chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure. However, the mechanism involved is unclear.

Chronic ethanol exposure induces neuroinflammation in H4 cells through TLR3 / NF-κB pathway and anxiety-like behavior in male C57BL/6 mice.

Chronic alcoholism has become a major public health problem. Long-term and excessive drinking can lead to a variety of diseases. Chronic ethanol exposure can induce neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior, and this may be induced through the Toll-like receptor 3/nuclear factor-κB (TLR3/NF-κB) pathway.