A fractured instrument (FI) in the root canal is a common complication during root canal therapy. Under current medical conditions, instrument separation cannot be completely avoided because of the complex morphology of root canals and the limited surgical field and operating space of the surgeon. FIs, especially those broken in the apical third of the canal, render it difficult to completely remove infection in the root canal, where the residual infection can easily develop into reinfection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHigh-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is a challenging disease, especially for patients with immunologically "cold" tumors devoid of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We found that HGSC exhibits among the highest levels of expression and transcriptional signature across human cancers, which is strongly linked to diminished features of antitumor immunity. N-MYC repressed basal and induced IFN type I signaling in HGSC cell lines, leading to decreased chemokine expression and T cell chemoattraction.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe family is among the first microRNAs found. Recent investigations have indicated that it is highly expressed in many systems, including cerebral and cardiovascular systems. Numerous studies have implicated the aberrant expression of members in cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac fibrosis, and atherosclerosis as well as in the inflammation related to these diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSevered CNS axons fail to regenerate in adult mammals and there are no effective regenerative strategies to treat patients with CNS injuries. Several genes, including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Krüppel-like factors, regulate intrinsic growth capacity of mature neurons. The Lin28 gene is essential for cell development and pluripotency in worms and mammals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLiver kinase B1 (LKB1), a downstream effector of cyclic AMP (cAMP)/PKA and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, is a determinant for migration and differentiation of many cells, but its role in CNS axon regeneration is unknown. Therefore, LKB1 was overexpressed in sensorimotor cortex of adult mice five days after mid-thoracic spinal cord injury, using an AAV2 vector. Regeneration of corticospinal axons was dramatically enhanced.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnlabelled: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by persistent replication of a complex mixture of viruses termed a "quasispecies." Transmission is generally associated with a stringent population bottleneck characterized by infection by limited numbers of "transmitted/founder" (T/F) viruses. Characterization of T/F genomes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been integral to studies of transmission, immunopathogenesis, and vaccine development.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Rhodobacter capsulatus cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase (cbb(3)-Cox) belongs to the heme-copper oxidase superfamily, and its subunits are encoded by the ccoNOQP operon. Biosynthesis of this enzyme is complex and needs dedicated biogenesis genes (ccoGHIS). It also relies on the c-type cytochrome maturation (Ccm) process, which requires the ccmABCDEFGHI genes, because two of the cbb(3)-Cox subunits (CcoO and CcoP) are c-type cytochromes.
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