[Effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community of ].

Nutrient enrichment caused by fertilization would reduce the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). To explore whether partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer would alleviate the negative effects of nutrient enrichment on AMF, we conducted a two-year mango () field experiment to examine the effects of different fertilization regimes on AMF communities in roots and rhizospheric soils by using high-throughput sequencing. The treatments included chemical-only fertilization (control), and two kinds of organic fertilizer (commercial organic fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer) with replacing 12% (low) and 38% (high) chemical fertilizer.

Efficient potassium (K) recycling and root carbon (C) metabolism improve K use efficiency in pear rootstock genotypes.

To investigate K absorption and transport mechanisms by which pear rootstock genotypes respond to low-K stress, seedlings of a potassium-efficient pear rootstock, Pyrus ussuriensis, and a potassium-sensitive rootstock, Pyrus betulifolia, were supplied with different K concentrations in solution culture. Significant differences in the absorption rate, V and K between the genotypes indicate that P. ussuriensis acclimatizes more readily to low-K stress by regulating its absorption and internal cycling.

Bio-Organic Fertilizer Promotes Pear Yield by Shaping the Rhizosphere Microbiome Composition and Functions.

Bio-organic fertilizers (BOF) containing both organic amendments and beneficial microorganisms have been consistently shown to improve soils fertility and yield. However, the exact mechanisms which link amendments and yields remain disputed, and the complexity of bio-organic fertilizers may work in parallel in several ways. BOF may directly improve yield by replenishing soil nutrients or introducing beneficial microbial genes or indirectly by altering the soil microbiome to enrich native beneficial microorganisms.

WGCNA analysis revealing molecular mechanism that bio-organic fertilizer improves pear fruit quality by increasing sucrose accumulation and reducing citric acid metabolism.

It's been long known that the application of organic fertilizer (OF) and bio-organic fertilizer (BF) which containing beneficial microorganisms to pear trees can both significantly improve fruit quality and yield. In order to reveal the mechanism of BF and OF regulating fruit growth and quality in pear, the effects of BF and OF on the photosynthetic characteristics and the accumulation of major sugars and organic acids of the pear fruit were quantified compared with chemical fertilizer (CF). Additionally, the molecular mechanisms regulating pear fruit development and quality were studied through transcriptome analysis.

Compositional and functional succession of bacterial and fungal communities is associated with changes in abiotic properties during pig manure composting.

While both bacteria and fungi are important for the degradation and humification of organic matter during composting, it is unclear to what extent their roles are associated with abiotic compost properties. This study evaluated changes in abiotic compost properties and the succession of bacterial and fungal communities during pig manure composting for 90 days. The compost rapidly reached thermophilic phase (>58 ℃), which lasted for 15 days.

Livestock Manure Type Affects Microbial Community Composition and Assembly During Composting.

Composting is an environmentally friendly way to turn plant and animal wastes into organic fertilizers. However, it is unclear to what extent the source of animal waste products (such as manure) affects the physicochemical and microbiological properties of compost. Here, we experimentally tested how the type of livestock manure of herbivores (sheep and cattle) and omnivores (pig and chicken) influences the bacterial and fungal communities and physicochemical properties of compost.

Isolation of a novel psychrotrophic fungus for efficient low-temperature composting.

This study aimed to isolate psychrotrophic cellulose-degrading fungi and to investigate their application potential for composting in cold climate regions in China. One out of five psychrotrophic cellulose-degrading fungal isolates was identified as a novel fungal species, Aureobasidium paleasum sp. nov.

Siderophore-Mediated Interactions Determine the Disease Suppressiveness of Microbial Consortia.

Interactions between plant pathogens and root-associated microbes play an important role in determining disease outcomes. While several studies have suggested that steering these interactions may improve plant health, such approaches have remained challenging in practice. Because of low iron availability in most soils, competition for iron via secreted siderophore molecules might influence microbial interaction outcomes.

Competition for iron drives phytopathogen control by natural rhizosphere microbiomes.

Plant pathogenic bacteria cause high crop and economic losses to human societies. Infections by such pathogens are challenging to control as they often arise through complex interactions between plants, pathogens and the plant microbiome. Experimental studies of this natural ecosystem at the microbiome-wide scale are rare, and consequently we have a poor understanding of how the taxonomic and functional microbiome composition and the resulting ecological interactions affect pathogen growth and disease outbreak.

Bacterial community richness shifts the balance between volatile organic compound-mediated microbe-pathogen and microbe-plant interactions.

Even though bacteria are important in determining plant growth and health via volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is unclear how these beneficial effects emerge in multi-species microbiomes. Here we studied this using a model plant-bacteria system, where we manipulated bacterial community richness and composition and determined the subsequent effects on VOC production and VOC-mediated pathogen suppression and plant growth-promotion. We assembled VOC-producing bacterial communities in different richness levels ranging from one to 12 strains using three soil-dwelling bacterial genera (, and ) and investigated how the composition and richness of bacterial community affect the production and functioning of VOCs.

A fast and easy method for predicting agricultural waste compost maturity by image-based deep learning.

Large amounts of agricultural wastes are generated in agricultural production, and composting this waste is one of the best ways to recycle resources. Compost maturity is an important criterion for measuring the quality of compost-products. Biochemical tests are conventional methods to evaluate compost maturity, but they are time consuming and difficult to perform.

The change in microstructure of petioles and peduncles and transporter gene expression by potassium influences the distribution of nutrients and sugars in pear leaves and fruit.

Potassium (K) is one of the most important mineral nutrients required for fruit growth and development and is known as a 'quality element'. To investigate the role of K in more detail, we performed experiments in which seven-year-old pot-grown 'Huangguan' pear trees were treated with three levels of K (0, 0.4, or 0.

Profiling of soil volatile organic compounds after long-term application of inorganic, organic and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizers and their effect on plant growth.

The complexity of soil processes involved in the production, consumption and accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) makes hard to access the overall dynamics of VOCs in the soil. In this study, the field soil, applied with inorganic (CF), organic (OF) and inorganic-organic mixed (CFOF) fertilizers for ten years was evaluated for the emission of VOCs at different temperature and moisture levels. We identified 30-50 soil emitted VOCs representing the most common soil VOCs groups by using the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.

Parasites and competitors suppress bacterial pathogen synergistically due to evolutionary trade-offs.

Parasites and competitors are important for regulating pathogen densities and subsequent disease dynamics. It is, however, unclear to what extent this is driven by ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, we used experimental evolution to study the eco-evolutionary feedbacks among Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial pathogen, Ralstonia-specific phage parasite, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens competitor bacterium in the laboratory and plant rhizosphere.

Altering Transplantation Time to Avoid Periods of High Temperature Can Efficiently Reduce Bacterial Wilt Disease Incidence with Tomato.

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum bacterium is a severe problem in Southern China, where relatively high environmental temperatures commonly prevails during the crop seasons. Previous research has indicated that bacterial wilt disease incidence generally increases during the warm months of summer leading to reduced tomato yield. Moreover, the efficacy of bio-organic fertilizers (BOFs)-organic compost fortified with pathogen-suppressive bacteria-is often lost during the periods of high environmental temperatures.

Functional diversity and properties of multiple xylanases from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2.

A multiple xylanase system with high levels of xylanase activity produced from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 using agricultural waste as a substrate has been previously reported. However, the eco-physiological properties and origin of the multiplicity of xylanases remain unclear. In the present study, eight active bands were detected using zymography, and all bands were identified as putative xylanases using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS.

In situ visualisation and characterisation of the capacity of highly reactive minerals to preserve soil organic matter (SOM) in colloids at submicron scale.

Mineral-organo associations (MOAs) are a mixture of identifiable biopolymers associated with highly reactive minerals and microorganisms. However, the in situ characterization and correlation between soil organic matter (SOM) and highly reactive Al and Fe minerals are still unclear for the lack of technologies, particularly in the long-term agricultural soil colloids at submicron scale. We combined several novel techniques, including nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to characterise the capacity of highly reactive Al and Fe minerals to preserve SOM in Ferralic Cambisol in south China.

Suppression of bacterial wilt of tomato by bioorganic fertilizer made from the antibacterial compound producing strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HR62.

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) is an important soil-borne pathogen worldwide. We investigated the effects of a new bioorganic fertilizer, BIO62, which was made from organic fertilizer and antagonist Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HR62, on the control of bacterial wilt of tomato in greenhouse condition. The results showed that the application of BIO62 significantly decreased disease incidence by 65% and strongly reduced R.

A new acidophilic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Penicillium oxalicum: cloning, purification, and insights into the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity.

A new acidophilic xylanase (XYN11A) from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 has been purified, identified and characterized. Synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the first time to evaluate the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity. The purified enzyme was identified by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, and its gene (xyn11A) was identified as an open reading frame of 706 bp with a 68 bp intron.

Variations of culturable thermophilic microbe numbers and bacterial communities during the thermophilic phase of composting.

Composting is a process of stabilizing organic wastes through the degradation of biodegradable components by microbial communities under controlled conditions. In the present study, genera and species diversities, amylohydrolysis, protein and cellulose degradation abilities of culturable bacteria in the thermophilic phase of composting of cattle manure with plant ash and rice bran were investigated. The number of culturable thermophilic bacteria and actinomyces decreased with the increasing temperature.

Functional Groups Determine Biochar Properties (pH and EC) as Studied by Two-Dimensional (13)C NMR Correlation Spectroscopy.

While the properties of biochar are closely related to its functional groups, it is unclear under what conditions biochar develops its properties. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) correlation spectroscopy was for the first time applied to investigate the development of functional groups and establish their relationship with biochar properties. The results showed that the agricultural biomass carbonized to biochars was a dehydroxylation/dehydrogenation and aromatization process, mainly involving the cleavage of O-alkylated carbons and anomeric O-C-O carbons in addition to the production of fused-ring aromatic structures and aromatic C-O groups.

[Screening, identification, and biocontrol effect of antagonistic bacteria against Phytophthora capsici].

A total of 98 isolates with antagonistic activity against Phytophthora capsici were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy pepper plants in the fields seriously infected by pepper Phytophthora capsicit, and two strains named as HL-3 and LZ-8 were screened, which had the characteristics of wide-spectrum antagonism and good growth under poor soil condition. The HL-3 and LZ-8 were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus pumilus, respectively, based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. The two strains could inhibit the mycelium growth of P.