Inhibition of JNK Signaling Overcomes Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Mediated Immunosuppression and Enhances the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Bladder Cancer.

Currently, only 20% to 40% of patients with cancer benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and characterizing dynamic changes in the immunologic landscape during treatment are critical for improving responsiveness to immunotherapy. In this study, we identified JNK signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) as a regulator of the immunosuppressive TME.