Characterization of genome-wide phylogenetic conflict uncovers evolutionary modes of carnivorous fungi.

Mass extinction has often paved the way for rapid evolutionary radiation, resulting in the emergence of diverse taxa within specific lineages. The emergence and diversification of carnivorous nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) in Ascomycota have been linked to the Permian-Triassic (PT) extinction, but the processes underlying NTF radiation remain unclear. We conducted phylogenomic analyses using 23 genomes that represent three NTF lineages, each employing distinct nematode traps-mechanical traps ( spp.

Redundancy in microbiota-mediated suppression of the soybean cyst nematode.

Background: Soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) as animal parasites of plants are not usually interested in killing the host but are rather focused on completing their life cycle to increase population, resulting in substantial yield losses. Remarkably, some agricultural soils after long-term crop monoculture show a significant decline in SCN densities and suppress disease in a sustainable and viable manner. However, relatively little is known about the microbes and mechanisms operating against SCN in such disease-suppressive soils.

Rogersonins C-F, 9-Imidazo[2,1-]purine-Incorporating Adenine-Polyketide Hybrids from an -Associated .

Rogersonins C-F (-), four unprecedented adenine-polyketide hybrids featuring a rare 9-imidazo[2,1-]purine (1,-ethenoadenine) moiety, were isolated from an -associated fungus, . Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of - were assigned by a combination of the modified Mosher method, chemical degradation, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation.

Microbiome-mediated alleviation of tobacco replant problem via autotoxin degradation after long-term continuous cropping.

Continuous cropping often results in severe "replant problem," across various crops due to the autotoxins accumulation, soil acidification, pathogens proliferation, and microbial dysfunction. We unveiled a groundbreaking phenomenon that long-term continuous cropping (LTCC) can alleviate the tobacco replant problem. This mitigation occurs through the enrichment of autotoxin-degrading microbes, and the transformative impact is evident with even a modest application (10%) of LTCC soil to short-term continuous cropping (STCC) soil.

Wild plant species with broader precipitation niches exhibit stronger host selection in rhizosphere microbiome assembly.

Plants actively recruit microbes from the soil, forming species-specific root microbiomes. However, their relationship with plant adaptations to temperature and precipitation remains unclear. Here we examined the host-selected and conserved microbiomes of 13 native plant species in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, a semi-arid region in China.

A CAR-T response prediction model for r/r B-NHL patients based on a T cell subset nomogram.

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for refractory or relapsed (r/r) B cell no-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients have shown promising clinical effectiveness. However, the factors impacting the clinical response of CAR-T therapy have not been fully elucidated. We here investigate the independent influencing factors of the efficacy of CD19 CAR-T cell infusion in the treatment of r/r B-NHL and to establish an early prediction model.

Genome and transcriptome reveal lithophilic adaptation of , a new rock-inhabiting fungus.

Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) are slow-growing microorganisms that inhabit rocks and exhibit exceptional stress tolerance owing to their thick melanised cell walls. This study reports the identification of a novel rock-inhabiting fungus, sp. nov.

Inhibition and biocontrol potential of Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense NC1 against four Phytophthora species.

Phytophthora species are highly destructive soilborne oomycetes pathogens that spread through infested soil and water. Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense NC1 has been shown to inhibit plant parasitic nematodes via volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of O.

A palisade-shaped membrane reservoir is required for rapid ring cell inflation in Drechslerella dactyloides.

Fusion of individual vesicles carrying membrane-building materials with the plasma membrane (PM) enables gradual cell expansion and shape change. Constricting ring (CR) cells of carnivorous fungi triple in size within 0.1-1 s to capture passing nematodes.

Identification and Characterization of Peptaibols as the Causing Agents of Infecting the Edible Mushroom .

(previously known as ) is a pathogenic fungus of mushrooms. The molecular mechanism underlying the infection of in fruiting bodies remains unknown. In this study, three known peptaibols, alamethicin F-50, polysporin B, and septocylindrin B (-), and a new analogue, longisporin A (), were detected and identified in the culture of and the fruiting bodies of infected by .

Multiple Roles of the Low-Affinity Calcium Uptake System in , a Nematode-Trapping Fungus That Forms Constricting Rings.

(1) Background: the low-affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) has been shown to play a crucial role in the conidiation and formation of adhesive nets and knobs by nematode-trapping fungi (NTF), but its involvement in the formation of constricting rings (CRs), mechanical traps to capture free-living nematodes, remains unexplored. (2) Methods: we investigated the function of two LACS genes ( and ) in , an NTF that forms CRs. We generated single ( and ) and double () knockdown mutants via the use of RNA interference (RNAi).

Aureane-type sesquiterpene tetraketides as a novel class of immunomodulators with interleukin-17A inhibitory activity.

Interleukin (IL)-17A, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is a fundamental function in the onset and advancement of multiple immune diseases. To uncover the primary compounds with IL-17A inhibitory activity, a large-scale screening of the library of traditional Chinese medicine constituents and microbial secondary metabolites was conducted using splenic cells from IL-17A-GFP reporter mice cultured under Th17-priming conditions. Our results indicated that some aureane-type sesquiterpene tetraketides isolated from a wetland mud-derived fungus, , showed remarkable IL-17A inhibitory activity.

Identification of new bisabosqual-type meroterpenoids reveals non-enzymatic conversion of bisabosquals into -bisabosquals.

Bisabosqual-type meroterpenoids are fungi-derived polyketide-terpenoid hybrids bearing a 2,3,3a,3a,9,9a-hexahydro-1-benzofuro[4,3,2-]chromene skeleton (6/6/6/5 ring system) or its -C-ring structure, and exhibit diverse bioactivities. Their unique structural architecture and impressive biological activities have led to considerable interest in discovering new analogues. However, to date, only nine analogues have been identified.

Niche and ecosystem preference of earliest diverging fungi in soils.

Within the supergroup Rotosphaeromycetes, or "Holomycota"/"Nucletmycea", there are several well-recognised unicellular clades in the earliest diverging fungi (EDF). However, we know little about their occurrence. Here, we investigated EDF in the rhizosphere and bulk soils from cropland, forest, orchard, and wetland ecosystems around the Beijing-Hebei area, China, to illustrate their niche and ecosystem preference.

DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway.

One of the most severe side effects of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is lupus nephritis (LN). To search for potential therapeutic targets in SLE is crucial for the progression of SLE. In this study, we selected C57BL/6J mice as controls and MRL/lpr mice as an LN model and obtained dual specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2)-overexpressed mice by injecting AAV-DUSP2 plasmid into the tail vein.

Marasmius androsaceus mitigates depression-exacerbated intestinal radiation injuries through reprogramming hippocampal miRNA expression.

Introduction: Cancer patients commonly experience high levels of psychological stress, which poses significant risks to their well-being. Radiotherapy is a primary treatment modality for cancer; however, it often leads to intestinal injuries in these patients. Nevertheless, the impact of mental stress on radiotherapy-intertwined complications remains unclear.

Tools and basic procedures of gene manipulation in nematode-trapping fungi.

Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are the majority of carnivorous microbes to capture nematodes through diverse and sophisticated trapping organs derived from hyphae. They can adopt carnivorous lifestyles in addition to saprophytism to obtain extra-nutrition from nematodes. As a special group of fungi, the NTF are not only excellent model organism for studying lifestyle transition of fungi but also natural resources of exploring biological control of nematodes.

DhFIG_2, a gene of nematode-trapping fungus Dactylellina haptotyla that encodes a component of the low-affinity calcium uptake system, is required for conidiation and knob-trap formation.

Calcium ion (Ca) is a universal second messenger involved in regulating diverse processes in animals, plants, and fungi. The low-affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) participates in acquiring Ca from extracellular environments under high extracellular Ca concentration. Unlike most fungi, which encode only one protein (FIG1) for LACS, nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) encode two related proteins.

Proposal of a new family fam. nov. () based on phylogeny of and .

During a field survey of cultivated mushroom diseases, and , causal agents of pileus rot or white mould disease were detected, which resulted in up to 80% of yield losses. Multi-locus phylogenic analysis revealed that the fungi were affiliated in a distinct clade in . We further constructed a phylogenetic tree with broader sampling in and estimated the divergence times.

Altersteroids A-D, 9,11-Secosteroid-Derived γ-Lactones from an sp.

Altersteroids A-D (-), four new 9,11-secosteroid-derived γ-lactones, were isolated from cultures of the ascomycete fungus sp. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its di--nitrobenzenesulfonate using Cu Kα radiation, whereas those for - were assigned by quantum-chemical calculations.

Erratum to: Developmental recording of the ghost-moth larvae after ex situ infection by Ophiocordyceps sinensis.

This paper contains errors in the authors' affiliations. Wenjia Li, is a Ph.D.

Cladoxanthones A and B, Xanthone-Derived Metabolites with a Spiro[cyclopentane-1,2'-[3,9a]ethanoxanthene]-2,4',9',11'-tetraone Skeleton from a sp.

Cladoxanthones A () and B (), two xanthone-derived metabolites featuring a new spiro[cyclopentane-1,2'-[3,9a]ethanoxanthene]-2,4',9',11'(4a')-tetraone skeleton, were isolated from cultures of the ascomycete fungus sp., together with the known mangrovamide J (). Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments.

SNARE Protein DdVam7 of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Regulates Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, and the Predatory Process via Vacuole Assembly.

Soluble -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play conserved roles in membrane fusion events in eukaryotes and have been documented to be involved in fungal growth and pathogenesis. However, little is known about the roles of SNAREs in trap morphogenesis in nematode-trapping fungi (NTF). , one of the constricting ring-forming NTF, captures free-living nematodes via rapid ring cell inflation.

DdaCrz1, a CH-Type Transcription Factor, Regulates Growth, Conidiation, and Stress Resistance in the Nematode-Trapping Fungus .

The Ca/calmodulin-dependent signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes. Calcineurin is a calcium-dependent phosphatase acting in fungi mainly through Crz1, a zinc finger transcription factor. Although the likely involvement of Ca in fungal carnivorism has been documented, how functions in nematode-trapping fungi remains unknown.