Improving Process-Based Modelling to Simulate the Effects of Low-Temperature Stress During Pre-Anthesis on the Quality Characteristics of Wheat Grains.

Low temperatures in late spring pose a potential threat to the maintenance of grain yield and quality. Despite the importance of protein and starch in wheat quality, they are often overlooked in models addressing climate change effects. In this study, we conducted multiyear environment-controlled phytotron experiments and observed adverse effects resulting from low-temperature stress (LTS) on plant carbon and nitrogen dynamics, grain protein and starch formation, and sink capacity.