Readers may not integrate words strictly in the order in which they appear in Chinese reading.

The current study investigated whether word integration follows a strictly sequential order during natural Chinese reading. Chinese readers' eye movements were recorded when they read sentences containing a three-character string (ABC), where BC was always a two-character word and AB was also a two-character word in the overlapping condition but not a word in the non-overlapping condition. We manipulated the extent to which word BC was plausible as an immediate continuation following prior context (cross-word plausibility); the string AB was always implausible given the prior context, and the sentence continued in a manner that was compatible with A-BC.

Comparative analyses of the information content of letters, characters, and inter-word spaces across writing systems.

One difference among writing systems is how orthographic cues are used to demarcate words; although most alphabetic scripts use inter-word spaces, some Asian scripts do not explicitly mark word boundaries (e.g., Chinese).

Competition between parts and whole: A new approach to Chinese compound word processing.

How compound words are processed remains a central question in research on Chinese reading. The Chinese reading model assumes that all possible words sharing characters are activated during word processing and these activated words compete for a winner (Li & Pollatsek, 2020). The present studies aimed to examine whether embedded component words compete with whole compound words in Chinese reading.

Chinese readers utilize emotion information for word segmentation.

We reported a large-scale Internet-based experiment to investigate the impact of emotion information on Chinese word segmentation, in which participants completed an overlapping ambiguous string (OAS) segmentation task and the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in a counterbalanced order. OAS is a three-character string (ABC) in which the middle character can form a distinct word with both the character on its left side (word AB) and the character on its right side (word BC). Participants were presented with isolated OASs and were asked to report the word they identified first.

Mechanism of semantic processing of lexicalized and novel compound words: An eye movement study.

The integration of semantic information of compound words with context is a crucial aspect of reading comprehension. In two eye-tracking experiments, we used two-character and four-character Chinese lexicalized and novel compound words to investigate how Chinese readers integrate semantic information of compound words with contexts in the present study. By manipulating the temporary plausibility of the first constituent through varying the preceding verb, we aimed to investigate how readers process semantic information of compound words during normal reading.

The phonological congruency modulated long-term form priming of Chinese characters.

Elucidating the interaction between lexical processing and word learning is essential for a complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of each of them. Long-term priming for words reflects an interplay between lexical processing and word learning. Although robust long-term priming effects have been found between two occurrences of the same word and between semantically similar words, it remains unclear whether long-term priming between orthographically similar words (i.

The effect of transposed-character distance in Chinese reading.

Previous research in alphabetic languages has shown that both position (external, internal) and distance (adjacent, nonadjacent) modulate letter position encoding during reading. To examine the generality of this pattern for a comprehensive model of word recognition and reading, we examined these effects during Chinese reading (i.e.

The database of eye-movement measures on words in Chinese reading.

Eye movements are one of the most fundamental behaviors during reading. A growing number of Chinese reading studies have used eye-tracking techniques in the last two decades. The accumulated data provide a rich resource that can reflect the complex cognitive mechanisms underlying Chinese reading.

Lexical competition influences correct and incorrect visual word recognition.

A growing body of research suggests that visual word recognition is error-prone, and that errors may contribute to inhibitory neighbour frequency effects in word identification and reading. The present study used the neighbourhood frequency effect to examine the relationship between lexical competition and error making during visual word recognition. A novel adaptation of the visual world paradigm (VWP) was used, in which participants selected a briefly presented printed target word from an array containing the target, its higher- or lower-frequency neighbour, an orthographic onset competitor, and an orthographically unrelated distractor word.

Predicting phonology in language comprehension: Evidence from the visual world eye-tracking task in Mandarin Chinese.

Whereas a growing body of research demonstrates that people may predict conceptual representations during language comprehension, evidence for phonological prediction is less straightforward. Moreover, existing findings of phonological prediction come largely from studies conducted with languages with alphabetic scripts, making it difficult to dissociate the effects of phonology from orthography. In two experiments, we used the visual world paradigm to investigate whether comprehenders predict phonological information during comprehension of Chinese sentences, where phonology and orthography are largely dissociable.

Sentence context modulates the neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements.

In the current study, we conducted 2 eye-tracking reading experiments to explore whether sentence context can influence neighbor effects in word recognition during Chinese reading. Chinese readers read sentences in which the targets' orthographic neighbors were either plausible or implausible with the pretarget context. The results revealed that the neighbor effect was influenced by context: The context in the biased condition (where only targets but not neighbors can fit in the pretarget context) evoked a significantly weaker inhibitory neighbor effect than in the neutral condition (where both targets and neighbors can fit in the pretarget context).

Predictability eliminates neighborhood effects during Chinese sentence reading.

Previous research has demonstrated effects of both orthographic neighborhood size and neighbor frequency in word recognition in Chinese. A large neighborhood-where neighborhood size is defined by the number of words that differ from a target word by a single character-appears to facilitate word recognition, while the presence of a higher-frequency neighbor has an inhibitory effect. The present study investigated modulation of these effects by a word's predictability in context.

Beyond Smiles: Static Expressions in Maxillary Protrusion and Associated Positivity.

Smiles play an important role in social perception. However, it is unclear whether a similar role is played by static facial features associated with smiles (e.g.

On the segmentation of Chinese incremental words.

In the present article, we report two eye-tracking experiments on how Chinese readers segment incremental words while reading Chinese. Incremental words are multicharacter words containing a subset of characters that constitute another word (referred to as the embedded word). For example, in a word containing three characters ABC (e.

Individual differences in first-pass fixation duration in reading are related to resting-state functional connectivity.

Although there are considerable individual differences in eye movements during text reading, their neural correlates remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the first-pass fixation duration (FPFD) in natural reading and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the brain. We defined the brain regions associated with early visual processing, word identification, attention shifts, and oculomotor control as seed regions.

An integrated model of word processing and eye-movement control during Chinese reading.

In the Chinese writing system, there are no interword spaces to mark word boundaries. To understand how Chinese readers conquer this challenge, we constructed an integrated model of word processing and eye-movement control during Chinese reading (CRM). The model contains a word-processing module and an eye-movement control module.

Attention shifting during the reading of Chinese sentences.

An eye-movement-contingent probe detection task was used to determine the allocation of visual attention during Chinese reading. On a subset of trials, a to-be-detected visual probe replaced visual text when the eyes crossed and landed to the right of an invisible interword boundary. The probe was either near the fixated location or at a more distant location in the right or left visual field.

Early, but not overwhelming: The effect of prior context on segmenting overlapping ambiguous strings when reading Chinese.

The current study investigated how the prior context influences word segmentation of overlapping ambiguous strings when reading Chinese. Chinese readers' eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing a three-character overlapping ambiguous string (ABC), where both AB and BC were two-character words. In the informative condition, prior contexts provided syntactic information that supported either the first word segmentation (AB-C) or the second word segmentation (A-BC).

Dissociating the neural correlates of the sociality and plausibility effects in simple conceptual combination.

Neuroimaging studies have indicated that a brain network distributed in the supramodal cortical regions of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes plays a central role in conceptual processing. The activation of this network is modulated by two orthogonal dimensions in conceptual processing-the semantic features of individual concepts and the meaningfulness of conceptual combinations-but it remains unclear how the network is functionally organized along these two dimensions. In this fMRI study, we focused on two specific factors, i.

Crossmodal Language Comprehension-Psycholinguistic Insights and Computational Approaches.

Crossmodal interaction in situated language comprehension is important for effective and efficient communication. The relationship between linguistic and visual stimuli provides mutual benefit: While vision contributes, for instance, information to improve language understanding, language in turn plays a role in driving the focus of attention in the visual environment. However, language and vision are two different representational modalities, which accommodate different aspects and granularities of conceptualizations.

Repetition causes confusion: Insights to word segmentation during Chinese reading.

Since there are no spaces between words to mark word boundaries in Chinese, it is common to see 2 identical neighboring characters in natural text. Usually, this occurs when there are 2 adjacent words containing the same character (we will call such a coincidental sequence of 2 identical characters ). In the present study, we examined how Chinese readers process words when there are repeated characters.

Underwater wireless optical communication multi-tokens random backoff neighbor discovery method.

The cooperation of multiple pieces of equipment can greatly improve the efficiency of work when performing tasks underwater. Networking communication is a crucial technology for underwater cooperation. Wireless optical communication technology has many advantages in underwater networking communication.

Coin, telephone, and handcuffs: Neural correlates of social knowledge of inanimate objects.

A variety of objects are made to serve social functions. The use of these objects has greatly enriched and expanded our social behaviors. How do our brains represent the social knowledge of inanimate objects such as coins, telephones, and handcuffs? According to a recent version of the grounded theory, social knowledge of inanimate objects might be grounded in the mentalizing network, as the social functions of inanimate objects are closely associated with the intentions of the people using them.

Pragmatic influences on sentence integration: Evidence from eye movements.

To understand a discourse, readers must rapidly process semantic and syntactic information and extract the pragmatic information these sources imply. An important question concerns how this pragmatic information influences discourse processing in return. We address this issue in two eye movement experiments that investigate the influence of pragmatic inferences on the processing of inter-sentence integration.