Programmable spatial magnetization stereolithographic printing of biomimetic soft machines with thin-walled structures.

Soft machines respond to external magnetic stimuli with targeted shape changes and motions due to anisotropic magnetization, showing great potential in biomimetic applications. However, mimicking biological functionalities, particularly the complex hollow structures of organs and their dynamic behaviors, remains challenging. Here, we develop a printing method based on three-dimensional uniform magnetic field-assisted stereolithography to fabricate thin-walled soft machines with internal cavities and programmable magnetization.

Magnetic steering continuum robot for transluminal procedures with programmable shape and functionalities.

Millimeter-scale soft continuum robots offer safety and adaptability in transluminal procedures due to their passive compliance, but this feature necessitates interactions with surrounding lumina, leading to potential medical risks and restricted mobility. Here, we introduce a millimeter-scale continuum robot, enabling apical extension while maintaining structural stability. Utilizing phase transition components, the robot executes cycles of tip-based elongation, steered accurately through programmable magnetic fields.