[Abnormal brain structure in preschool and school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and type of abnormal brain structure in preschool and school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods: A total of 74 252 preschool and school-aged children aged 3-12 years in Shanghai were enrolled as subjects. A questionnaire survey was performed to collect basic information, and their parents and teachers completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) based on the children's conditions.

Autism, Language Disorder, and Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder: DSM-V and Differential Diagnoses.

• Based on strong research evidence (1), the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has increased over the past decade, with a 2010 prevalence of 1:68 (1.5%) in children age 8 years. • Based on some research evidence as well as consensus (3), the most recent revision of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) identifies two core dimensions for the diagnosis of ASD: social (social communication and social interaction) and nonsocial (restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities).

Environmental risk factor assessment: a multilevel analysis of childhood asthma in China.

Background: Rapid changes in socioeconomic environment and their diverse patterns in China raise a question: how socio-environmental factors affect childhood asthma in China. We performed a multilevel analysis based on a 2005 national survey to understand the association between environmental factors and asthma, and to provide insights on developing prevention strategies.

Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018 school-aged children chosen from eight Chinese cities.

[The association of sleep hygiene and sleep quality among school-age children].

Objective: To study the association between sleep hygiene and sleep duration and quality among school-age children, and to explore the risk factors related to poor sleep hygiene.

Methods: Totally 2019 grade-five children were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling from 10 primary schools in Shanghai, during November and December 2009. Questionnaires were used to investigate children and their parents.

[Comparative study of children's sleep evaluation methods].

Objective: To compare the compliance of using Actiwatch, parent report of sleep diary and sleep questionnaire in school age children, and to further evaluate agreement rates between actigraphy, diary, and questionnaire for children's sleep patterns.

Method: Two primary schools in Luwan District were selected and first grade students without obvious physical and mental illnesses or sleep disorders were enrolled in the study. Each student was home-monitored with an Actiwatch for 7 days, meanwhile parents were asked to complete a detailed sleep diary during the Actiwatch monitoring days.

Prospective, naturalistic study of open-label OROS methylphenidate treatment in Chinese school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders during childhood, characterized by the core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention and puts great burden on children themselves, their families and the society. Osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) is a once-daily controlled-release formulation developed to overcome some of the limitations associated with immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH). It has been marketed in China since 2005 but still lacks data from large-sample clinical trials on efficacy and safety profiles.

[Follow-up study of school-age children's sleep quality in Shanghai].

Objective: China has undergone massive socioeconomic change during the past several years, and its impact on children's sleep is still unrecognized. Shanghai, as one of typical economically fast-developing cities, was chosen as observational city in this study, which was designed to explore trends in sleep quality in Shanghai school-aged children and related high risk factors on sleep quality.

Method: Totally 884 fifth grade school-aged students were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling method from 10 primary schools of Shanghai in 2005, then four years later in 2009, 2161 same grade students were sampled from the same schools.

Cost-efficiency assessment of 3 different pediatric first-aid training models for caregivers and teachers in Shanghai.

Purpose: The object of this study was to assess, in cost-effective measures, 3 different models for pediatric first-aid training among caregivers and teachers.

Methods: Quasi-experimental design was used. A stratified random sampling method was used to obtain 1282 teachers working at nurseries and kindergartens in Shanghai that consists of 18 districts and 1 county.

[Internet addiction among Shanghai adolescents: prevalence and epidemiological features].

Objective: To study the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai.

Method: From September to October 2007, a total of 5135 adolescents from 16 middle schools of 6 districts of Shanghai took part in the epidemiological study by a cross-sectional survey and 5123 adolescents finally enrolled in the study. A questionnaire of "DRM Adolescent Internet Use 52 Scale" was administrated to investigate the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai.

[Sleep habits and sleep disturbance in school-age children of China].

Objective: To survey the sleep habits (bedtime, wake time), sleep duration, and sleep problems in school-age children of China.

Method: From November to December, 2005, a total of 19,299 school-age children from 55 elementary schools of 9 cities entered the study by a cross-sectional survey. A parent-administered questionnaire and the Chinese version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire were applied to investigate children's sociodemographic characteristics and sleep behaviors, respectively.

[Logistic regression analysis of influential factors on auditory receptive and auditory expressive language development in 2-year old child].

Objective: To identify the influential factors on auditory receptive and auditory expressive language development and to provide clues to avoid language delay.

Methods: A questionnaire was conducted among the caregivers of 2794 2-year old healthy children selected by cluster sampling in subdistricts with middle economic level from randomly selected 8 districts of Shanghai by using the "Early language milestone scale". Logistic regression analysis was used to find out the related factors.

[Development and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire].

Objective: To develop the Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) by translating and retranslating the English version of CSHQ and to examine the reliability, content validity, construct validity of the Chinese version in a general population of school-age children.

Methods: During November and December 2005, a total of 20 457 school-age children from 55 primary schools of 9 cities were recruited through cluster-stratified selection, using geographic location, economic standard, and population density as criteria. A parent-administered questionnaire and the Chinese version of CSHQ were completed to quantify sociodemographic characteristics and to characterize sleep patterns and sleep disturbances, respectively.

[A randomized controlled clinical trial for treatment of children with primary nocturnal enuresis].

Objective: Applying three treatment methods for enuresis in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) in a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) to compare the curative effects and characteristics of the three methods.

Methods: If the parents and children consented to accept the treatment for 4 months and to keep on follow-up, the children diagnosed as primary nocturnal enuresis in the department of developmental and behavioral pediatrics in Shanghai Children's Medical Center from April 2003 to August 2004 were randomized into three groups: 52 children were in physio-psychological treatment group and were treated by utilizing the conditioning training role of alarm and other psychological and behavioral training programs; 46 children were in drug treatment group and were treated by taking DDAVP tablets orally; 40 children were in combined treatment group who were treated by applying the former two methods simultaneously. If the parents and children did not accept treatment, they were enrolled into the control group and were followed-up.

[Early intervention for children with language developmental delay].

Objective: To explore the mode of intervention for children with language developmental delay under the current condition of China.

Method: The study population consisted of a cross-sectional convenience sample of 206 children, ages 13 - 24 months, from six communities of Qingpu in Shanghai. Parents were asked to complete detailed questionnaires about their child's spontaneous use of vocabularies.

[The efficacy of early intervention for infants and toddlers with hearing loss].

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of early intervention on language, pronunciation and cognitive developments of infants and toddlers with hearing loss and to build up an early intervention model.

Methods: Fifty-six children with moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss aged 10 months to 2 years were divided into two groups. 20 children, aged 10 months to 2 years, received early intervention services after wearing hearing aids for 6 - 18 months, and 36 children, aged 11 months to 2 years, didn't receive any intervention.

[Clinical characteristics and speech therapy of lingua-apical articulation disorder].

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics and speech therapy of 62 children with lingua-apical articulation disorder.

Methods: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), Gesell development scales (Gesell), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Preschool Children (WPPSI) and speech test were performed for 62 children at the ages of 3 to 8 years with lingua-apical articulation disorder. PPVT was used to measure receptive vocabulary skills.

[Development of children's self-regulation competence and its relationship with behavioral problems].

Objective: To study the development of self-regulation competence and its relationship with behavioral problems in Chinese children with the method of questionnaire assessment.

Methods: The subjects of the study consisted of 18 to 36 months old toddlers and 3 to 6 years old children. Self-regulation competence in this study included effortful control and self-regulation development.

[Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets].

Objective: To explore the genetic susceptibility of children to vitamin D deficiency rickets through studying the association between Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets.

Methods: One hundred and fifty-nine children (100 boys and 59 girls, aged 0 to 2 years), with new-onset vitamin D deficiency rickets were enrolled. The patients sampled from a community of Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province.

[Anxiety state and its related factors in Shanghai high school students].

Objective: To investigate the anxiety state in high school students and related factors in order to get reasonable suggestions for prevention.

Methods: The mental health test (MHT) for high school students, and the living environmental and parental style were used in this study.

Results: MHT served as an assessment scale of anxiety.

[Feasibility of the programme of focusing on early childhood development in impoverished rural areas in China].

Objective: To study the feasibility of the programme "Focusing on early childhood development" in impoverished rural areas in China.

Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 mothers, about half with junior middle school education, 18% with grade-school education, and 29% being illiterate, of children aged under two years in 7 villages in Changfeng County, Anhui Province, a native impoverished county, to understand their knowledge and attitudes about child healthcare. Then these mothers were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: experimental group, receiving face-to-face guidance in the practice of early healthcare for children at home with a pamphlet developed by WHO as teaching material; and control group without receiving guidance.