Prognostic and predictive role of circulating tumor DNA detection in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: At present, there is no effective prognostic indicator for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). A liquid biopsy method, plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection, was evaluated for use in predicting the prognosis of different cancers. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of ctDNA state for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.

Control efficacy of complex networks.

Controlling complex networks has become a forefront research area in network science and engineering. Recent efforts have led to theoretical frameworks of controllability to fully control a network through steering a minimum set of driver nodes. However, in realistic situations not every node is accessible or can be externally driven, raising the fundamental issue of control efficacy: if driving signals are applied to an arbitrary subset of nodes, how many other nodes can be controlled? We develop a framework to determine the control efficacy for undirected networks of arbitrary topology.