Proton-Transfer Dynamics Regulates CO Electroreduction Products via Hydrogen Coverage.

Electrochemical conversion of CO to hydrocarbons is a promising approach to carbon neutrality and energy storage. The formation of reaction intermediates involves crucial steps of proton transfer, making it essential to understand the role of protons in the electrochemical process to control the product selectivity and elucidate the underlying catalytic reaction mechanism of the CO electrochemical reduction (CORR). In this work, we proposed a strategy to regulate product selectivities by tuning local proton transport rates through a surface resin layer over cuprous oxides.

Large-Current CO Electromethanation Through Active Hydrogen Regulation Over Carbon Nitride.

Electromethanation of CO has received intensive attention due to its high calorific value and convenient storage along with transportation to accommodate industrial demands. However, it is limited by sluggish multi-step proton-coupled electron transfer kinetics and undesired H coupling under high current density, posing great challenges to its commercialization. Herein, carbon nitride (CN) with superior hydrogen adsorption ability is used as an active-hydrogen adsorption and supply material.

Pan-genome analysis reveals genomic variations during enoki mushroom domestication, with emphasis on genetic signatures of cap color and stipe length.

Introduction: The domestication of edible mushrooms, including Flammulina filiformis, offers valuable insights into the genetic changes driven by artificial selection. Understanding these changes is crucial for uncovering the mechanisms behind genome evolution in domesticated mushrooms.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the population structure, genetic diversity, and domestication-related genomic changes in F.

Electrothermal Conversion of Methane to Methanol at Room Temperature with Phosphotungstic Acid.

Traditional methods for the aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol frequently require the use of noble metal catalysts or flammable H-O mixtures. While electrochemical methods enhance safety and may avoid the use of noble metals, these processes suffer from low yields due to limited current density and/or low selectivity. Here, we design an electrothermal process to conduct aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol at room temperature using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as a redox mediator.

Photorefinery of Biomass and Plastics to Renewable Chemicals using Heterogeneous Catalysts.

The photocatalytic conversion of biomass and plastic waste provides opportunities for sustainable fuel and chemical production. Heterogeneous photocatalysts, typically composed of semiconductors with distinctive redox properties in their conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB), facilitate both the oxidative and reductive valorization of organic feedstocks. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the photorefinery of biomass and plastics from the perspective of the redox properties of photocatalysts.

Adsorption and activation of small molecules on boron nitride catalysts.

Hexagonal boron nitride possesses a unique layered structure, high specific surface area and similar electronic properties as graphene, which makes it not only a promising catalyst support, but also a highly effective metal-free catalyst in the booming field of green chemistry. Reactions involving small molecules (, oxygen, low carbon alkanes, nitrogen and carbon dioxide) have always been a hot topic in catalytic research, especially associated with the adsorption and activation regime of different forms of small molecules on catalysts. In this review, we have investigated the adsorption of different small molecules and the relevant activation mechanisms of four typical chemical bonds (OO, C-H, NN, CO) on hexagonal boron nitride.

Boosting CO electrocatalysis through electrical double layer regulations.

Interfacial investigation for fine-tuning microenvironment has recently emerged as a promising method to optimize the electrochemical CO reduction system. The electrical double layer located at the electrode-electrolyte interface presents a particularly significant impact on electrochemical reactions. However, its effect on the activity and selectivity of CO electrocatalysis remains poorly understood.

Acetamide Electrosynthesis from CO and Nitrite in Water.

Renewable electricity driven electrocatalytic CO reduction reaction (CO RR) is a promising solution to carbon neutralization, which mainly generate simple carbon products. It is of great importance to produce more valuable C-N chemicals from CO and nitrogen species. However, it is challenging to co-reduce CO and NO /NO to generate aldoxime an important intermediate in the electrocatalytic C-N coupling process.

Targeted metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal changes in gibberellin and related cell wall-acting enzyme-encoding genes during stipe elongation in .

, a typical agaric fungus, is a widely cultivated and consumed edible mushroom. Elongation of its stipe (as the main edible part) is closely related to its yield and commercial traits; however, the endogenous hormones during stipe elongation and their regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Gibberellin (GA) plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth, but little has been reported in macro fungi.

Interface engineering of NiS/NiCoS heterostructure with charge redistribution for boosting overall water splitting.

Developing highly efficient bifunctional non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts is pivotal to fulfilling practical water electrolysis. In this work, NiS/NiCoS heterostructured electrocatalysts are prepared through a simply controlling sulfurization process by employing a one-pot solvothermal strategy. The alteration of cobalt addition amount can affect the crystalline phase, morphology, and catalytic activity of the resulting heterostructured materials.

Multiscale CO Electrocatalysis to C Products: Reaction Mechanisms, Catalyst Design, and Device Fabrication.

Electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals, directly from CO, could foster achievement of carbon neutral through an alternative electrical approach to the energy-intensive thermochemical industry for carbon utilization. Progress in this area, based on electrogeneration of multicarbon products through CO electroreduction, however, lags far behind that for C products. Reaction routes are complicated and kinetics are slow with scale up to the high levels required for commercialization, posing significant problems.

Electrosynthesis of ethylene glycol from C feedstocks in a flow electrolyzer.

Ethylene glycol is a widely utilized commodity chemical, the production of which accounts for over 46 million tons of CO emission annually. Here we report a paired electrocatalytic approach for ethylene glycol production from methanol. Carbon catalysts are effective in reducing formaldehyde into ethylene glycol with a 92% Faradaic efficiency, whereas Pt catalysts at the anode enable formaldehyde production through methanol partial oxidation with a 75% Faradaic efficiency.

Scalable synthesis of Cu clusters for remarkable selectivity control of intermediates in consecutive hydrogenation.

Subnanometric Cu clusters that contain only a small number of atoms exhibit unique and, often, unexpected catalytic behaviors compared with Cu nanoparticles and single atoms. However, due to the high mobility of Cu species, scalable synthesis of stable Cu clusters is still a major challenge. Herein, we report a facile and practical approach for scalable synthesis of stable supported Cu cluster catalysts.

Electrothermal Water-Gas Shift Reaction at Room Temperature with a Silicomolybdate-Based Palladium Single-Atom Catalyst.

The water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is often conducted at elevated temperature and requires energy-intensive separation of hydrogen (H ) from methane (CH ), carbon dioxide (CO ), and residual carbon monoxide (CO). Designing processes to decouple CO oxidation and H production provides an alternative strategy to obtain high-purity H streams. We report an electrothermal WGS process combining thermal oxidation of CO on a silicomolybdic acid (SMA)-supported Pd single-atom catalyst (Pd /CsSMA) and electrocatalytic H evolution.

Asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO to ethanol with copper-gold heterojunctions.

Copper is distinctive in electrocatalyzing reduction of CO into various energy-dense forms, but it often suffers from limited product selectivity including ethanol in competition with ethylene. Here, we describe systematically designed, bimetallic electrocatalysts based on copper/gold heterojunctions with a faradaic efficiency toward ethanol of 60% at currents in excess of 500 mA cm. In the modified catalyst, the ratio of ethanol to ethylene is enhanced by a factor of 200 compared to copper catalysts.

Self-Supported Porous Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with Single Ni Atoms for Efficient CO Electroreduction.

Single-atom catalysts within M-N-C structures are efficient for electrochemical CO reduction. However, most of them are powdered and require a coating process to load on the electrode. Herein, we developed a facile approach to the synthesis of large-scale self-supported porous carbon nanofiber electrodes directly decorated with atomically dispersed nickel active sites using facile electrospinning, where poly(methyl methacrylate) was employed to tune well the distributions of pores located in carbon nanofibers.

Effects of β-1,6-Glucan Synthase Gene () Overexpression on Stress Response and Fruit Body Development in .

β-1, 6-glucan synthase is a key enzyme of β-1, 6-glucan synthesis, which plays a vital role in the cell wall cross-linking of fungi. However, the role of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene in the development of the fruiting body and the stress response of macrofungi is largely unknown. In this study, four overexpression transformants of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene () were successfully obtained, and gene function was studied in .

Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 induces apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in heat-stressed pigs: A proteomics approach.

Heat stress (HS)-induced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis may play a pivotal role in intestinal barrier dysfunction in animals. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which HS induces apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells is still poorly understood. Herein, a eukaryotic expression vector for an HSP70 gene was constructed and transfected into intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2).

Activation of the MoS Basal Plane to Enhance CO Hydrogenation to Methane Activity Through Increasing S Vacancies.

The active site of MoS is usually located at the edge of crystalline MoS, which has a lower proportion than that from the basal plane, limiting the hydrogenation activity. Therefore, activating the basal plane of MoS is expected to greatly enhance the hydrogenation activity. Herein, we prepared a series of MoS catalysts by acidolysis of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and subsequently pyrolyzing at high temperature with different atmospheres.

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Colonic Flora Diversity, Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism, Transcripts, and Biochemical Indexes in Heat-Stressed Pigs.

Heat stressed pigs show typical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, little is known about the pathogenesis of heat stress (HS)-induced IBD in pigs. In this study, we determined the effects of HS on colon morphology, intestinal microbiota diversity, transcriptome genes (transcripts), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism in pigs.

Chemodivergent Synthesis of One-Carbon-Extended Alcohols via Copper-Catalyzed Hydroxymethylation of Alkynes with Formic Acid.

The development of selective catalytic reactions that utilize easily available reagents for the efficient synthesis of alcohols is a long-standing goal of chemical research. Here an intriguing strategy for the chemodivergent copper-catalyzed hydroxymethylation of alkynes with formic acid and hydrosilane has been developed. By simply tuning the amount of formic acid and reaction temperature, distinct one-carbon-extended primary alcohols, that is, allylic alcohols and β-branched alkyl alcohols, were produced with high levels of Z/E-, regio-, and enantioselectivity.

Electrochemical reduction of acetonitrile to ethylamine.

Electrifying chemical manufacturing using renewable energy is an attractive approach to reduce the dependence on fossil energy sources in chemical industries. Primary amines are important organic building blocks; however, the synthesis is often hindered by the poor selectivity because of the formation of secondary and tertiary amine byproducts. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic route to produce ethylamine selectively through an electroreduction of acetonitrile at ambient temperature and pressure.

Copper-Catalyzed and Proton-Directed Selective Hydroxymethylation of Alkynes with CO.

An intriguing strategy for copper-catalyzed hydroxymethylation of alkynes with CO and hydrosilane was developed. Switched on/off a proton source, for example, BuOH, direct hydroxymethylation and reductive hydroxymethylation could be triggered selectively, delivering a series of allylic alcohols and homobenzylic alcohols, respectively, with high levels of Z/E, regio- and enantioselectivity. Such a selective synthesis is attributed to the differences in response of vinylcopper intermediate to proton and CO .

Template-induced Al distribution in MOR and enhanced activity in dimethyl ether carbonylation.

As the activity of dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation over mordenite proportionally correlates with the Brønsted acid sites (BAS) in 8-membered ring (8-MR), enhancing the concentration of BAS in the 8-MR of MOR is important to improve the efficiency of the reaction. Herein, we report that the distribution of the BAS in the zeolite catalyst H-MOR can be altered by the synthesis of H-MOR with different cyclic amine structure-directing templates, several of which have not been reported previously for MOR synthesis. By combining FTIR, ICP, TG analysis and DFT calculations, it is verified that the strength of the interaction between amine or sodium cations and [AlO] in the zeolite framework plays a decisive role in Al distribution, owing to the competitive effect between Na and the cyclic amine compensating negative charges from the framework [AlO].

Morphology-Dependent Catalytic Performance of Mordenite in Carbonylation of Dimethyl Ether: Enhanced Activity with High / Ratio.

The morphology of zeolite often plays an important role in catalytic performance. Controllable synthesis of zeolite with special morphology and elucidating the structure-performance relationship of microporous zeolite are significant to its application. In this work, rod-assembled H-MOR with a controllable / ratio was successfully fabricated via template-free hydrothermal methods.